Rabbit anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Polyclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for IHC-Frozen.
Background Info:
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore the regulation of the TH enzyme represents the central means for controlling the synthesis of these important catecholamines. FUNCTION: Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. COFACTOR: Fe(2+) ion. ENZYME REGULATION: Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity. PATHWAY: Catecholamine biosynthesis; first step. SUBUNIT: Homotetramer. PTM: In vitro, phosphorylation of Ser-19 increases the rate of Ser-40 phosphorylation, which results in enzyme opening and activation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain including manic-depression and schizophrenia. Parkinson's disease is also considered a TH deficiency as low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human,Rat
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (SPRFIGRRQSLIEDARK) as part of human Tyrosine Hydroxylase (aa: 32-47) conjugated to KLH
Applications:
IHC-Frozen,WB
Antibody Isotype:
IgG
Application Details:
<b>Immunohistochemistry (IHC):</b> 0.5-1 ug/mL. This is a superb antibody for detection of tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons exhibiting an intense labelling with a negligible background. This antiserum has proven extremely useful for staining of catecholaminergic neurons. It stains nicely and intensely dendritic processes and fine nerve terminals.<br><b>Western Blotting (WB):</b> 0.5-2 ug/mL. This antibody demonstrates clear immunoreactivity for TH at 60 kDa in rat PC12 cell lysate and mouse brain homogenate. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
IHC on brain shows a pattern of staining specific for TH containing neurons. This antibody is known to react with rat. Cross reactivity with other species has not yet been tested.
Storage:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20°C for a higher stability, and at 2-8°C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Rabbit anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Polyclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for IHC-Frozen.
Background Info:
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore the regulation of the TH enzyme represents the central means for controlling the synthesis of these important catecholamines. FUNCTION: Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. COFACTOR: Fe(2+) ion. ENZYME REGULATION: Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity. PATHWAY: Catecholamine biosynthesis; first step. SUBUNIT: Homotetramer. PTM: In vitro, phosphorylation of Ser-19 increases the rate of Ser-40 phosphorylation, which results in enzyme opening and activation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain including manic-depression and schizophrenia. Parkinson's disease is also considered a TH deficiency as low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4, without preservatives.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Guinea Pig,Human,Mouse,Rat
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (PRFIGRRQSLIEDARK) as part of human Tyrosine Hydroxylase (63-78) conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen. The peptide is homologous with the corresponding sequence derived from TH protein in rat (31-47).
Applications:
IHC-Frozen
Antibody Isotype:
IgG
Application Details:
IHC. A concentration of 4-10 µg/mL is recommended for this application. This is a superb antibody for detection of tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons exhibiting an intense labelling with a negligible background. This antiserum has proven extremely useful for staining of catecholaminergic neurons. It stains nicely and intensely dendritic processes and fine nerve terminals. We recommend mouse or rat brain containing catecholaminergic neurons as a positive control for this antibody, for example brain stem or striatum. Western blotting: A concentration of 5-15 µg/mL is recommended.Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Pierre S.R., Lemmens M.A., Figueiredo-Pereira M.E. (2009) Subchronic infusion of the product of inflammation prostaglandin J2 models sporadic Parkinson's disease in mice J Neuroinflammation. Jul 25;6:18 Takeoka A. et al (2010) Noradrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord caudal to a complete spinal cord transection: effects of olfactory ensheathing glia J Exp Neurol. 2010 Mar;222(1):59-69. Brown R.E. et al (2008) Characterization of GABAergic neurons in rapid-eye-movement sleep controlling regions of the brainstem reticular formation in GAD67-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jan;27(2):352-63. Bisem NJ et al (2012) Mapping of FGF1 in the Medulla Oblongata of Macaca fascicularis. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2012 Dec 26;45(6):325-34.
Specificity:
IHC on brain shows a pattern of staining specific for TH containing neurons. This antibody is known to react with rat, mouse and guinea pig. Cross reactivity with other species has not yet been tested.
Storage:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20°C for a higher stability, and at 2-8°C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Rabbit anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Polyclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for IHC-Frozen.
Background Info:
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore the regulation of the TH enzyme represents the central means for controlling the synthesis of these important catecholamines. FUNCTION: Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. COFACTOR: Fe(2+) ion. ENZYME REGULATION: Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity. PATHWAY: Catecholamine biosynthesis; first step. SUBUNIT: Homotetramer. PTM: In vitro, phosphorylation of Ser-19 increases the rate of Ser-40 phosphorylation, which results in enzyme opening and activation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain including manic-depression and schizophrenia. Parkinson's disease is also considered a TH deficiency as low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Guinea Pig,Mouse,Rat
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (PRFIGRRQSLIEDARK) as part of human Tyrosine Hydroxylase (63-78) conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen. The peptide is homologous with the corresponding sequence derived from TH protein in rat (31-47).
Applications:
IHC-Frozen,WB
Antibody Isotype:
Mixed
Application Details:
<b>Immunohistochemistry (IHC):</b> 1:2,000 to 1:5,000, dilutions of up to 1:100,000 have been reported. This is a superb antibody for detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing neurons exhibiting an intense labelling with a negligible background. This antiserum has proven extremely useful for staining of catecholaminergic neurons. It stains nicely and intensely dendritic processes and fine nerve terminals. We recommend mouse or rat brain containing catecholaminergic neurons as a positive control for this antibody, for example brain stem or striatum. <br><b>Western blotting (WB)</b>: 1:100 to 1:500. Antibody has been tested on RIPA-extracted PC12 cell lysate and shown to be specific for TH (~60 kDa). Tissue homogenates show a higher level of non-specific binding and presence of uncharacterized bands. Affinity-purified anti-TH antibody (R-148-50) is recommended for tissue homogenates. <br>Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Pierre S.R., Lemmens M.A., Figueiredo-Pereira M.E. (2009) Subchronic infusion of the product of inflammation prostaglandin J2 models sporadic Parkinson's disease in mice J Neuroinflammation. Jul 25;6:18 Takeoka A. et al (2010) Noradrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord caudal to a complete spinal cord transection: effects of olfactory ensheathing glia J Exp Neurol. 2010 Mar;222(1):59-69. Brown R.E. et al (2008) Characterization of GABAergic neurons in rapid-eye-movement sleep controlling regions of the brainstem reticular formation in GAD67-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jan;27(2):352-63. Bisem NJ et al (2012) Mapping of FGF1 in the Medulla Oblongata of Macaca fascicularis. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2012 Dec 26;45(6):325-34.
Specificity:
IHC on brain shows a pattern of staining specific for TH containing neurons. This antibody is known to react with rat, mouse and guinea pig. Cross reactivity with other species has not yet been tested.
Storage:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20°C for a higher stability, and at 2-8°C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Mouse anti-Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) Monoclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for WB, IHC-Frozen, IHC-Paraffin-embedded, ICC, IP, FC.
Background Info:
Tyrosine hydroxylase is an excellent marker for dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase (a.k.a. tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). L-DOPA is a precursor for dopamine, which, in turn, is a precursor for the important neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines. In humans, tyrosine hydroxylase is encoded by the TH gene, and the enzyme is present in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral symphatic neurons and the adrenal medulla. The enzymatic activity of TH requires ferrous ions as cofactors and is believed to be regulated by phosphorylation. At least four isoforms of human TH have been identified which result from alternative splicing. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase together make up the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized, dry powder.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Chicken,Frog,Horse,Human,Mouse,Primate,Rat,Sheep,Vole,Zebra Fish
Immunogen:
Tyrosine Hydroxylase purified from PC12 cells
Applications:
FC,ICC,IHC-Frozen,IHC-Paraffin-embedded,IP,WB
Clone number:
LNC, LNC1, LNC-1
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1, kappa
Application Details:
Western Blotting (WB), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Immunohistochemistry/paraffin embedded IH(P), Immunoprecipitation (IP), Immunofluorescence (IF), Flow cytometry (FC).WB: 1:1000 -1:2000, SDS reduced samples. Detects a 59-61kDa protein. Rat Brain lysates is a suitable control. IHC/IH(P): Reacts in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues with HIER antigen recovery. Typical dilution is 1:100-1:200 depending upon incubation time and detection method used. IF: 1:200-1:1000, 4% PFA fixed tissues/cells permeabilized with 0.1-0.4% triton X-100; also works in fresh frozen and acetone fixed tissues/cells.IP: 1:100, immobilized on protein A beads, Fleming-Jones et al (1995) J. Protein Chemistry 14(5):275-282.FC: Fixed, permeabilized dopaminergic nerve terminals from rat striatum, {Wolf, ME, Kapatos, G (1989) The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1989, 9(l): 108-114; Wolf ME, Zigmond, MJ, Kapatos, G (1989) J. Neurochemistry 53(3):879-885}.
Alternative Names:
LNC-1; LNC1; TH monoclonal
Biosensis Brand:
Biosensis®
Conjugate:
Unconjugated
Shelf Life:
12 months after date of receipt (unopened vial).
Use:
For research use only.
Product references:
Kapatos G., Kemski V., and Geddes T. (1989) Dopamine neurons in monolayer culture as a model system for the study of tyrosine hydroxylase, in Pteridines and Biogenic Amines in Neuropsychiatry, Pediatrics and Immunology (Levine R. A., KuhnD. M., Milstien S., and Curtius H-C., eds), pp. 243-258. Lakeshore Publishers, Grosse Pointe, Michigan.
Specificity:
Clone LNC 1 recognizes an epitope on the outside of the regulatory N-terminus. The clone detects a protein of approximately 59-61 kDa by Western blot and reduced SDS-PAGE. The clone does not react with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, trytophan hydroxylase, dehydropteridine reductase, sepiapterin reductase or phenethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) by western blots. Chicken, Frog, Horse, Human, Monkey, Mouse, Vole, Sheep, Zebrafish other species not yet tested
Storage:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 ° to -70°C for a higher stability. At 2-8°C keep up to one week, insulated, protected from light; use sterile methods and pipettes. Highly purified glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles. Keep tightly closed when not in use and protected from light
Purification:
Unpurified ascites fluid, diluted with PBS containing 3% BSA, no preservatives.
The Tyrosine Hydroxylase antiserum was quality control tested using standard immunohistochemical methods. The antiserum demonstrates strongly positive labeling of rat catecholamine neuron systems using indirect immunofluorescent and biotin/avidin-HRP techniques. Recommended primary dilutions for these methods are provided below. This antibody does not cross react with dihydropterdine reductase, dopamine-B-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, phenylalanine hydroxylase or tryptophan hydroxylase using Western blot methods.
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