TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has been shown to bind both DNA and RNA and have multiple functions in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNA splicing and translational regulation. It belongs to the hnRNP protein family and is highly expressed in the pancreas, placenta, lung, genital tract and spleen[1]. Characterisation of transcriptome-wide binding sites revealed that thousands of RNAs are bound by TDP-43 in neurons. TDP-43 regulates alternate splicing of the CFTR gene. The resulting aberrant splicing is associated with pathological features typical of cystic fibrosis.
TDP-43 is predominantly located in the nucleus under normal physiological conditions. However, hyperphosphorylated, fragmented and ubiquitinated forms of TDP-43 have been identified as core components of cytosolic inclusions in sporadic ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. TDP-43 contains a nuclear localising signal (NLS) as well as a nuclear export signal (NES)[8], which enables the shuttling of TDP-43 between the nucleus and the cytosol. Under normal conditions, TDP-43 interacts with mRNAs on which ribosomes are located separately, forming polysomes. Various stresses can induce clustering of ribosomes into a stalled state, resulting in the formation of stress granules (SG) containing TIA-1, G3BP, ataxin-2 and eIF4G1/2.
In the stalled state, transcription is inhibited as a homeostatic response. However, sustained stress and ensuing TDP-43 misfolding creates aberrant SGs and pathogenic TDP-43 aggregates [9]. Moreover, membrane-less organelles in the cytosol formed by the liquid?liquid phase separation of RNPs4 and RNA13 are implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathy. Misfolding and cytosolic mislocalisation also lead directly to a loss of normal TDP-43 function, and the resultant disruption of protein and RNA homeostasis is considered another likely pathogenic mechanism14 in addition to the toxicity of inclusions [9].
Mutations in TDP-43 have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
1. Strong MJ, Volkening K, Hammond R, et al. (2007). TDP43 is a human low molecular weight neurofilament (hNFL) mRNA-binding protein. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 35 (2): 3207.
2. Kwong LK, Neumann M, Sampathu DM, et al. (2007). TDP-43 proteinopathy: The neuropathology underlying major forms of sporadic and familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration and motor neuron disease. Acta Neuropathologica. 114 (1): 6370.
3. Arai, T. et al. TDP-43 is a component of ubiquitin-positive tau-negative inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 351, 602611 (2006). CAS
4. Neumann M, Sampathu DM, Kwong LK, Truax AC, et al. (2006). Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Science. 314 (5796): 1303.
5. Tan, C. F. et al. TDP-43 immunoreactivity in neuronal inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without SOD1 gene mutation. Acta Neuropathol. 113, 535542 (2007).
6. Igaz, L. M. et al. Enrichment of C-terminal fragments in TAR DNA-binding protein-43 cytoplasmic inclusions in brain but not in spinal cord of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 173, 182194 (2008).
7. Tremblay C, St-Amour I, Schneider J, et al. (2011). Accumulation of transactive response DNA binding protein 43 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 70 (9): 78898.
8. Winton, M. J. et al. Disturbance of nuclear and cytoplasmic TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) induces disease-like redistribution, sequestration, and aggregate formation. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1330213309 (2008).
9. Yoshitaka Tamaki et al. Elimination of TDP-43 inclusions linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a misfolding-specific intrabody with dual proteolytic signals. Scientific Reports: volume 8, Article number: 6030 (2018)
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has been shown to bind both DNA and RNA and have multiple functions in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNA splicing and translational regulation. It belongs to the hnRNP protein family and is highly expressed in the pancreas, placenta, lung, genital tract and spleen[1]. Characterisation of transcriptome-wide binding sites revealed that thousands of RNAs are bound by TDP-43 in neurons. TDP-43 regulates alternate splicing of the CFTR gene. The resulting aberrant splicing is associated with pathological features typical of cystic fibrosis.
TDP-43 is predominantly located in the nucleus under normal physiological conditions. However, hyperphosphorylated, fragmented and ubiquitinated forms of TDP-43 have been identified as core components of cytosolic inclusions in sporadic ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. TDP-43 contains a nuclear localising signal (NLS) as well as a nuclear export signal (NES)[8], which enables the shuttling of TDP-43 between the nucleus and the cytosol. Under normal conditions, TDP-43 interacts with mRNAs on which ribosomes are located separately, forming polysomes. Various stresses can induce clustering of ribosomes into a stalled state, resulting in the formation of stress granules (SG) containing TIA-1, G3BP, ataxin-2 and eIF4G1/2.
In the stalled state, transcription is inhibited as a homeostatic response. However, sustained stress and ensuing TDP-43 misfolding creates aberrant SGs and pathogenic TDP-43 aggregates [9]. Moreover, membrane-less organelles in the cytosol formed by the liquid?liquid phase separation of RNPs4 and RNA13 are implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathy. Misfolding and cytosolic mislocalisation also lead directly to a loss of normal TDP-43 function, and the resultant disruption of protein and RNA homeostasis is considered another likely pathogenic mechanism14 in addition to the toxicity of inclusions [9].
Mutations in TDP-43 have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
1. Strong MJ, Volkening K, Hammond R, et al. (2007). TDP43 is a human low molecular weight neurofilament (hNFL) mRNA-binding protein. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 35 (2): 3207.
2. Kwong LK, Neumann M, Sampathu DM, et al. (2007). TDP-43 proteinopathy: The neuropathology underlying major forms of sporadic and familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration and motor neuron disease. Acta Neuropathologica. 114 (1): 6370.
3. Arai, T. et al. TDP-43 is a component of ubiquitin-positive tau-negative inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 351, 602611 (2006). CAS
4. Neumann M, Sampathu DM, Kwong LK, Truax AC, et al. (2006). Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Science. 314 (5796): 1303.
5. Tan, C. F. et al. TDP-43 immunoreactivity in neuronal inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without SOD1 gene mutation. Acta Neuropathol. 113, 535542 (2007).
6. Igaz, L. M. et al. Enrichment of C-terminal fragments in TAR DNA-binding protein-43 cytoplasmic inclusions in brain but not in spinal cord of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 173, 182194 (2008).
7. Tremblay C, St-Amour I, Schneider J, et al. (2011). Accumulation of transactive response DNA binding protein 43 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 70 (9): 78898.
8. Winton, M. J. et al. Disturbance of nuclear and cytoplasmic TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) induces disease-like redistribution, sequestration, and aggregate formation. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1330213309 (2008).
9. Yoshitaka Tamaki et al. Elimination of TDP-43 inclusions linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a misfolding-specific intrabody with dual proteolytic signals. Scientific Reports: volume 8, Article number: 6030 (2018)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a 7-transmembrane receptor protein found on beta cells of the pancreas. It functions as a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone, which stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion. GLP1R functions at the cell surface and becomes internalised in response to GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, playing an important role in the signalling cascades leading to insulin secretion. It is a member of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors [1]. GLP1R is composed of two domains, an extracellular domain that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1 [2], and a transmembrane domain [3] that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1 [4][5][6].
GLP1R also displays neuroprotective effects in animal models. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with diabetes, making it an important drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Alternative splicing of the GLP1R gene results in multiple transcript variants.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
1. Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ (2002). "Structure-function of the glucagon receptor family of the G protein-coupled receptors: the glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors". Recept. Channels. 8 (34): 17988.
2. Underwood CR, Garibay P, Knudsen LB, Hastrup S, Peters GH, Rudolph R, Reedtz-Runge S (June 2010). "Crystal structure of glucagon-like peptide-1 in complex with the extracellular domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (1): 723730.
3. Song G, Yang D, Wang Y, de Graaf C, Zhou Q, Jiang S, Liu K, Cai X, Dai A, Lin G, Liu D, Wu F, Wu Y, Zhao S, Ye L, Han GW, Lau J, Wu B, Hanson MA, Liu ZJ, Wang MW, Stevens RC (2017). "Human GLP-1 receptor transmembrane domain structure in complex with allosteric modulators)". Nature. 546: 312315.
4. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Koole C, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Simms J, Quon T, Coudrat T, Furness SG, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (March 2016). "A Hydrogen-Bonded Polar Network in the Core of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Is a Fulcrum for Biased Agonism: Lessons from Class B Crystal Structures". Molecular Pharmacology. 89 (3): 335347.
5. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Koole C, Savage EE, Pabreja K, Simms J, Sridhar R, Furness SG, Liu M, Thompson PE, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (June 2016). "The extracellular surface of the GLP-1 receptor is a molecular trigger for biased agonism". Cell. 165 (7): 16321643.
6. Yang D, de Graaf C, Yang L, Song G, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Reedtz-Runge S, Hanson MA, Yang H, Jiang H, Stevens RC, Wang MW (June 2016). "Structural Determinants of Binding the Seven-transmembrane Domain of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R)". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (25): 129913004.
7. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Furness SG, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (August 2016). "Key interactions by conserved polar amino acids located at the transmembrane helical boundaries in Class B GPCRs modulate activation, effector specificity and biased signalling in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor". Biochemical Pharmacology. 118: 6887.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a 7-transmembrane receptor protein found on beta cells of the pancreas. It functions as a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone, which stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion. GLP1R functions at the cell surface and becomes internalised in response to GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, playing an important role in the signalling cascades leading to insulin secretion. It is a member of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors [1]. GLP1R is composed of two domains, an extracellular domain that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1 [2], and a transmembrane domain [3] that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1 [4][5][6].
GLP1R also displays neuroprotective effects in animal models. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with diabetes, making it an important drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Alternative splicing of the GLP1R gene results in multiple transcript variants.
1. Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ (2002). "Structure-function of the glucagon receptor family of the G protein-coupled receptors: the glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors". Recept. Channels. 8 (34): 17988.
2. Underwood CR, Garibay P, Knudsen LB, Hastrup S, Peters GH, Rudolph R, Reedtz-Runge S (June 2010). "Crystal structure of glucagon-like peptide-1 in complex with the extracellular domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (1): 723730.
3. Song G, Yang D, Wang Y, de Graaf C, Zhou Q, Jiang S, Liu K, Cai X, Dai A, Lin G, Liu D, Wu F, Wu Y, Zhao S, Ye L, Han GW, Lau J, Wu B, Hanson MA, Liu ZJ, Wang MW, Stevens RC (2017). "Human GLP-1 receptor transmembrane domain structure in complex with allosteric modulators)". Nature. 546: 312315.
4. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Koole C, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Simms J, Quon T, Coudrat T, Furness SG, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (March 2016). "A Hydrogen-Bonded Polar Network in the Core of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Is a Fulcrum for Biased Agonism: Lessons from Class B Crystal Structures". Molecular Pharmacology. 89 (3): 335347.
5. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Koole C, Savage EE, Pabreja K, Simms J, Sridhar R, Furness SG, Liu M, Thompson PE, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (June 2016). "The extracellular surface of the GLP-1 receptor is a molecular trigger for biased agonism". Cell. 165 (7): 16321643.
6. Yang D, de Graaf C, Yang L, Song G, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Reedtz-Runge S, Hanson MA, Yang H, Jiang H, Stevens RC, Wang MW (June 2016). "Structural Determinants of Binding the Seven-transmembrane Domain of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R)". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (25): 129913004.
7. Wooten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Furness SG, Miller LJ, Christopolous A, Sexton PM (August 2016). "Key interactions by conserved polar amino acids located at the transmembrane helical boundaries in Class B GPCRs modulate activation, effector specificity and biased signalling in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor". Biochemical Pharmacology. 118: 6887.
Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FRM1) is an RNA binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of a subset of mRNAs.
A trinucleotide repeat (CGG) in the gene encoding this protein is normally found at 6-53 copies, but an expansion to 55-230 repeats is the cause of fragile X syndrome. Expansion of the trinucleotide repeat may also cause one form of premature ovarian failure (POF1). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms and which are located in different cellular locations have also been described for this gene.
FRM1 has been shown to play a translation-independent role in the modulation of presynaptic action potential (AP) duration and neurotransmitter release via large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons [1]. FMR1 may be involved in the control of DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms through the regulation of ATR-dependent signaling pathways such as histone H2AFX/H2A.x and BRCA1 phosphorylations [2].
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FRM1) is an RNA binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of a subset of mRNAs.
A trinucleotide repeat (CGG) in the gene encoding this protein is normally found at 6-53 copies, but an expansion to 55-230 repeats is the cause of fragile X syndrome. Expansion of the trinucleotide repeat may also cause one form of premature ovarian failure (POF1). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms and which are located in different cellular locations have also been described for this gene.
FRM1 has been shown to play a translation-independent role in the modulation of presynaptic action potential (AP) duration and neurotransmitter release via large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons [1]. FMR1 may be involved in the control of DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms through the regulation of ATR-dependent signaling pathways such as histone H2AFX/H2A.x and BRCA1 phosphorylations [2].
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane GTPase that mediates mitochondrial clustering and fusion and contributes to the maintenance and operation of the mitochondrial network. MFN2 is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and it may play a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Mutations in this gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A2, and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy VI, which are both disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Defects in this gene have also been associated with early-onset stroke.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS with 0.03% Proclin300, 50% glycerol, pH7.3.
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane GTPase that mediates mitochondrial clustering and fusion and contributes to the maintenance and operation of the mitochondrial network. MFN2 is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and it may play a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Mutations in this gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A2, and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy VI, which are both disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Defects in this gene have also been associated with early-onset stroke.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS with 0.03% Proclin300, 50% glycerol, pH7.3.
Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2) is a 624-amino acid multi-domain adaptor protein and a member of the ubiquilin family of proteins that regulate the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Ubiquilins are characterised by the presence of an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain. The central portion is highly variable.
UBQLN2 Mediates the proteasomal targeting of misfolded or accumulated proteins for degradation by binding to their polyubiquitin chains, through the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) and by interacting with the subunits of the proteasome through the ubiquitin-like domain (ULD).
Mutations in UBQLN2 are associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with most ALS-linked mutations localised to the proline-rich repeat (Pxx) region that is unique to ubiquilin-2 and not present in the other members of the ubiquilin protein family. UBQLN2 has also been shown to bind the ATPase domain of the Hsp70-like Stch protein. Mutations in UBQLN2 are also observed in familial ALS (FALS) cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2) is a 624-amino acid multi-domain adaptor protein and a member of the ubiquilin family of proteins that regulate the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Ubiquilins are characterised by the presence of an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain. The central portion is highly variable.
UBQLN2 Mediates the proteasomal targeting of misfolded or accumulated proteins for degradation by binding to their polyubiquitin chains, through the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) and by interacting with the subunits of the proteasome through the ubiquitin-like domain (ULD).
Mutations in UBQLN2 are associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with most ALS-linked mutations localised to the proline-rich repeat (Pxx) region that is unique to ubiquilin-2 and not present in the other members of the ubiquilin protein family. UBQLN2 has also been shown to bind the ATPase domain of the Hsp70-like Stch protein. Mutations in UBQLN2 are also observed in familial ALS (FALS) cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions.
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) is an autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitin and regulates activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. SQSTM1 functions as a scaffolding/adaptor protein with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Mutations in SQSTM1 are also observed in familial ALS cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions and additionally mutations in SQSTM1 may result in Paget disease of bone. SQSTM1 may also be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K+ channels.
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) is an autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitin and regulates activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. SQSTM1 functions as a scaffolding/adaptor protein with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Mutations in SQSTM1 are also observed in familial ALS cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions and additionally mutations in SQSTM1 may result in Paget disease of bone. SQSTM1 may also be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K+ channels.
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) is an autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitin and regulates activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. SQSTM1 functions as a scaffolding/adaptor protein with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Mutations in SQSTM1 are also observed in familial ALS cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions and additionally mutations in SQSTM1 may result in Paget disease of bone. SQSTM1 may also be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K+ channels.
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) is an autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitin and regulates activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. SQSTM1 functions as a scaffolding/adaptor protein with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Mutations in SQSTM1 are also observed in familial ALS cases associated with aberrant TDP-43 inclusions and additionally mutations in SQSTM1 may result in Paget disease of bone. SQSTM1 may also be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K+ channels.
Optineurin (OPTN) is an autophagy receptor that interacts with numerous proteins. It is involved in regulating many cellular functions, including vesicular trafficking from the Golgi to plasma membrane, endocytic trafficking, and signaling leading to NF-kappa-B (see 164011) activation [1]
Optineurin has been shown to interact with huntingtin [2], transcription factor IIIA [3], and RAB8 [4] and may therefore function in cellular morphogenesis and membrane trafficking, vesicle trafficking, and transcription activation. Alternative splicing of the gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
Optineurin mutations are associated with Glaucoma and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Product Type:
NS Reagents Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
100 µg in 100 µl PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
[1] Vaibhava, V., Nagabhushana, A., Chalasani, M. L. S., Sudhakar, C., Kumari, A., Swarup, G. Optineurin mediates a negative regulation of Rab8 by the GTPase-activating protein TBC1D17. J. Cell Sci. 125: 5026-5039, 2012. [2]Faber, P. W., Barnes, G. T., Srinidhi, J., Chen, J., Gusella, J. F., MacDonald, M. E. Huntingtin interacts with a family of WW domain proteins. Hum. Molec. Genet. 7: 1463-1474, 1998. [3] Moreland, R. J., Dresser, M. E., Rodgers, J. S., Roe, B. A., Conaway, J. W., Conaway, R. C., Hanas, J. S. Identification of a transcription factor IIIA-interacting protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 1986-1993, 2000. [4] Hattula, K., Peranen, J. FIP-2, a coiled-coil protein, links huntingtin to Rab8 and modulates cellular morphogenesis. Curr. Biol. 10: 1603-1606, 2000.
Optineurin (OPTN) is an autophagy receptor that interacts with numerous proteins. It is involved in regulating many cellular functions, including vesicular trafficking from the Golgi to plasma membrane, endocytic trafficking, and signaling leading to NF-kappa-B (see 164011) activation [1]
Optineurin has been shown to interact with huntingtin [2], transcription factor IIIA [3], and RAB8 [4] and may therefore function in cellular morphogenesis and membrane trafficking, vesicle trafficking, and transcription activation. Alternative splicing of the gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
Optineurin mutations are associated with Glaucoma and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
[1] Vaibhava, V., Nagabhushana, A., Chalasani, M. L. S., Sudhakar, C., Kumari, A., Swarup, G. Optineurin mediates a negative regulation of Rab8 by the GTPase-activating protein TBC1D17. J. Cell Sci. 125: 5026-5039, 2012. [2]Faber, P. W., Barnes, G. T., Srinidhi, J., Chen, J., Gusella, J. F., MacDonald, M. E. Huntingtin interacts with a family of WW domain proteins. Hum. Molec. Genet. 7: 1463-1474, 1998. [3] Moreland, R. J., Dresser, M. E., Rodgers, J. S., Roe, B. A., Conaway, J. W., Conaway, R. C., Hanas, J. S. Identification of a transcription factor IIIA-interacting protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 1986-1993, 2000. [4] Hattula, K., Peranen, J. FIP-2, a coiled-coil protein, links huntingtin to Rab8 and modulates cellular morphogenesis. Curr. Biol. 10: 1603-1606, 2000.
This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. The enzyme also binds to free monoubiquitin and may prevent its degradation in lysosomes (ref: SWISSPROT).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized with 5% trehalose
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Chicken
Species Reactivity:
Hu, Rat, Ms, Bov, Por. Predicted to react with other mammalian tissues due to sequence homology.
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length human Ubiquitin C Terminal Hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (IC). A dilution of 1:5,000 - 1:10,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1,000 is recommended for IC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB. This antibody detects ~24 kDa UCHL1 enzyme. Suitable control tissue is rat spinal cord or peripheral nerve homogenate. | Hu, Rat, Ms, Bov, Por. Predicted to react with other mammalian tissues due to sequence homology.
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) is a multi-pass membrane protein and component of the gamma-secretase complex. PSEN1 is thought to play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. It may also play a role in hematopoiesis. Defects in PSEN1 are a cause of Alzheimer disease type 3 (AD3), a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease (Ref:SWISS-Prot).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid. PBS with 0.02% Sodium Azide
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Chicken
Species Reactivity:
Human, Mouse, Rat
Immunogen:
Mixture of two human Presenilin 1 peptides (311-322 and 341-352 aa). Both sequences are highly conserved in human, mouse and rat.
WB and ELISA. Suggested dilution of 1:1,000 to 1:4,000. To minimise background staining, a higher concentration of detergent (such as Tween-20) is suggested in the dilution and washing steps. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Presenilin 1; PS-1; Protein S182; PS1-CTF12; PSEN1; AD3; PS1; PSNL1;
Presenilin-2 (PSEN2) is a multi-pass membrane protein and component of the gamma-secretase complex. Defects in PSEN2 are a cause of Alzheimer disease type 4 (AD4), an autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease. (Ref:SWISS-Prot).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid. PBS with 0.02% Sodium Azide
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Chicken
Species Reactivity:
Human, Mouse, Rat
Immunogen:
Mixture of two human Presenilin 2 peptides (319-330 and 349-360 aa). Both sequences are highly conserved in human, mouse and rat.
WB and ELISA. Suggested dilution of 1:1,000 to 1:4,000. To minimise background staining, a higher concentration of detergent (such as Tween-20) is suggested in the dilution and washing steps. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
FUNCTION: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; cytosol. Cell membrane. Mostly found in the axons of neurons, in the cytosol and in association with plasma membrane components. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 8 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist. Isoforms differ from each other by the presence or absence of up to 5 of the 15 exons. One of these optional exons contains the additional tau/MAP repeat. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in neurons. Isoform PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Four-repeat (type II) tau is expressed in an adult-specific manner and is not found in fetal brain, whereas three-repeat (type I) tau is found in both adult and fetal brain. DOMAIN: The tau/MAP repeat binds to tubulin. In Alzheimer disease, the neuronal cytoskeleton in the brain is progressively disrupted and replaced by tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of Microtubule-associated protein Tau. Defects in Microtubule-associated protein Tau are a cause of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, as well as a number of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized with 3% trehalose, without preservatives.
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilised, unopened vial at 2- 8 °C or lower. After reconstitution, prepare aliquots and store at -20 °C to -80 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Chicken
Species Reactivity:
Expected to react with Horse, Cow, Pig, Chicken, Rat and Mouse.
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length version of the shortest human tau isoform purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (IC). A dilution of 1:5,000 - 1:10,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1,000 is recommended for IC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Neurofibrillary tangle protein; Paired helical filament-tau; PHF-tau; MAPT; MTBT1; TAU
Accession Number:
P10636 TAU_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute with 100 uL sterile-filtered, ultrapure water. Centrifuge briefly to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase (unopened vial).
Specificity:
The antibody reacts with multiple closely spaced bands covering the region of the blot from 48kDa to 67kDa, with an additional band at 100kDa. It has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry. | Expected to react with horse, cow, pig, chicken, rat and mouse.
May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase-3 activation. Ref: uniprot.org.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilised from a solution containing PBS buffer pH 7.2-7.6 with 3% trehalose, without preservatives.
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilised antibody at 2-8°C. After reconstitution divide into aliquots and store at -20°C for long-term storage. Store at 2-8°C short-term (up to 4 weeks) with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Chicken
Species Reactivity:
Reacts with human, horse, cow, pig, chicken, rat, mouse.
Immunogen:
Full length human protein with the epitope from amino acids 61-95
Western blotting (1:2,000), Immunocytochemistry (1:1,000) and Immunohistochemistry (1:1,000). Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Non-A beta component of AD amyloid; Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor; NACP
Accession Number:
P37840 (SYUA_HUMAN)
Reconstitution:
Spin vial briefly before opening. Reconstitute in 50 µL sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material. Final buffer contains no preservatives.
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a lipoprotein involved in fat metabolism and acts as cholesterol carrier between cells and across tissues. On a genetic level, three APOE alleles are described, APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4. These alleles give rise to six APOE isoforms, which are differentially implicated in various diseases. In the peripheral system, APOE4 is linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis. In the CNS, the ability of APOE4 in clearing beta-amyloid is impaired, while APOE3 and APOE2 are more efficient in performing this task. The APOE4 genotype in particular has been linked to increased risk for developing Alzheimer's Disease.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from a solution containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 0.4 M NaCl, 0.01 M EDTA, 3% trehalose, 0.07% sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized antibody at 2-8 °C. After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C to -80 °C for higher stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Alpha synuclein is an abundant 140 amino acid neuronal protein, expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. FUNCTION: May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Soluble protein, normally localized primarily at the presynaptic region of axons, which can form filamentous aggregates that are the major non amyloid component of intracellular inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase 3 activation. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed principally in brain but is also expressed in low concentrations in all tissues examined except in liver. Concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals.SUBUNIT: Soluble monomer which can form filamentous aggregates. Interacts with UCHL1. Interacts with phospholipase D and histones. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Membrane. Nucleus. Note=Membrane-bound in dopaminergic neurons. Also found in the nucleus. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 3 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized, from PBS with 5% trehalose and 0.05% sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilized antibody, divide into single use aliquots and store at -20-80 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human, Horse, Cow, Pig, Chicken, Rat, Mouse. Predicted to react with other mammalian tissue because of highly conserved nature of the protein.
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length human alpha synuclein expressed and purified from E. coli
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (IC/IF). A dilution of 1:1,000 - 1:5,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-3,000 is recommended for IC/IF. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Non-A beta component of AD amyloid; Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor; NACP
Accession Number:
P37840 SYUA_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material. Final buffer contains 0.05% sodium azide as a preservative
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB. This antibody detects ~14-15 kDa alpha synuclein protein. The epitope for 3H9 is in the region 61-95 which correspond to the Non-Amyloid beta Component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid (NAC) region. 3H9 will also bind human alpha-synuclein containing the A30P and A53T mutations. | Human, horse, cow, pig, chicken, rat, mouse. Predicted to react with other mammalian tissue because of highly conserved nature of the protein.
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular weight of 8.56 kDa which has a central role in regulated protein degradation. It is a protein modifier which can be covalently attached to target lysines either as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Several types of polymeric chains can be formed depending on the lysine used for the assembly. Attachment to proteins as a polymer leads to their degradation by the 26S proteosome; a complex, multicatalytic cytosolic and nuclear protease. Attachment to proteins as a monomer or as an alternatively linked polymer does not lead to proteasomal degradation and may be required for numerous functions, including maintenance of chromatic structure, regulation of gene expression, stress response, ribosome biogenesis and DNA repair. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats of which differ between species and strains. In some species there is a final amino-acid after the last repeat, here in bovine a Cys. Some ubiquitin genes contain a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either L40 or S27a).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized with 5% trehalose
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Hu, Bov, Chk, Drosophila, and C. elegans
Immunogen:
Raised against purified ubiquitin conjugated with glutaraldehyde to keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
Western Blotting (WB), Immunohistochemistry - paraffin embedded tissue (IH-P) and ELISA. Suggested dilution for WB is 1:500-1,000. This antibody can be used on mildly fixed histological sections of human brain for studies of Alzheimer's disease. This antibody also works on paraffin embedded material. It also recognises other ubiquinated inclusion bodies such as Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease and the Pick bodies in Pick's disease in formalin fixed tissues. Suggested dilution for IH is 1:500. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB. This antibody detects ~8.5 kDa Ubiquitin. | Hu, Bov, Chk, Drosophila, and C. elegans
References:
1. Josephs K.A. et al (2006) Atypical progressive supranuclear palsy with corticospinal tract degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006 Apr;65(4):396-405. 2. Josephs K.A. et al (2007) Neuropathologic features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions with progranulin gene (PGRN) mutations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007 Feb;66(2):142-51. 3. Rudzinski L.A. et al (2008) Early onset familial Alzheimer Disease with spastic paraparesis, dysarthria, and seizures and N135S mutation in PSEN1. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008 Jul-Sep;22(3):299-307. 4. Josephs K.A. et al (2009) Evaluation of subcortical pathology and clinical correlations in FTLD-U subtypes. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Sep;118(3):349-58.
This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. The enzyme also binds to free monoubiquitin and may prevent its degradation in lysosomes (ref: SWISSPROT).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized with 5% trehalose
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Hu, Rat, Bov, Mouse, Pig
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length human Ubiquitin C Terminal Hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB), Immunocytochemistry (IC) and Immunohistochemistry (IH). A dilution of 1:10,000 - 1:20,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:1,000 - 1:5,000 is recommended for IC and IH. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user..
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB. This antibody detects ~24 kDa UCHL1 enzyme. Suitable control tissue is rat spinal cord, brain, SHSY-5Y or HEK293 cell extract.
14.3.3 protein eta or 14.3.3 binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner (Ref SwissProt). 14.3.3 protein eta is widely expressed as both homodimers and heterodimers and are concentrated in the nervous system. High concentrations of 14.3.3 protein eta have been linked to Creutzfeld Jacob Disease, Parkinson's Disease and early-onset schizopherenia.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized with 5% trehalose
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human, Rat, Mouse
Immunogen:
Full length recombinant 14.3.3 protein ETA expressed in and purified from E. coli.
WB, ICC, IHC. Suggested dilution of 1:500-1:1,000 for IHC and ICC. Suggested dilution of 1:1,000-1:5,000 for WB. A suitable control tissue is rat spinal cord or peripheral nerve homogenate.
Alternative Names:
14.3.3 ; Protein AS1; YWHAH; YWHA1; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein 1;
Accession Number:
Q04917 1433F_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Protein DJ-1 has many roles including protecting cells against oxidative stress and cell death (Ref: SwissProt). Mutations in the DJ-1 gene have been associated with rare forms of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS. Contains 5% trehalose.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human
Immunogen:
Full length recombinant human DJ-1 expressed in and purified from E. coli.
WB, ICC. Suggested dilution of at least 1:500 for ICC. Dilutions of 1:5,000 or lower is recommended for WB. This antibody reveals a prominent ~21 kDa band and stains mainly in cytoplasm of tissue culture cells. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Oncogene DJ1; Parkinson disease protein 7; PARK7; DJ-1
Accession Number:
Q99497 PARK7_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The antibody reacts with a 21 kDa band by Western blot on whole HeLa cell lysate. It has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry. |
The amyloid beta peptide is derived from the cleavage of the Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and varies in length from 39 to 43 amino acids. However, the form(s) of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) associated with the pathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In particular, the neurotoxicity of intraneuronal Abeta accumulation is an area of considerable research and controversy principally because antibodies thought to be specific for Abeta have been shown to actually detect intraneuronal APP and not Abeta exclusively.MOAB-2 (mouse IgG2b) is a pan-specific, high-titer antibody to Abeta residues 1-4 as demonstrated by biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses (IHC), and is highly specific just to amyloid beta peptide.MOAB-2 did not detect APP or APP-CTFs in cell culture media/lysates (HEK-APPSwe or HEK APPSwe/BACE1) or in brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing 5 familial AD (FAD) mutation (5xFAD mice). Using IHC on 5xFAD brain tissue, MOAB-2 immunoreactivity co-localized with C-terminal antibodies specific for Abeta40 and Abeta42. MOAB-2 did not co-localize with either N- or C-terminal antibodies to APP. In addition, no MOAB-2-immunreactivity was observed in the brains of 5xFAD/BACE-/- mice, although significant amounts of APP were detected by N- and C-terminal antibodies to APP, as well as by 6E10.In both 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissue, MOAB-2 co-localized with cathepsin-D, a marker for acidic organelles, further evidence for intraneuronal Abeta, distinct from Abeta associated with the cell membrane. MOAB-2 demonstrated strong intraneuronal and extra-cellular immunoreactivity in 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissues.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized, from a Protein A purified preparation in 0.02 M Potassium Phosphate, 0.15 M Sodium Chloride, 0.01% sodium azide, pH 7.2; contains 0.01% sodium azide as a preservative.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 ° to -70C for a higher stability. At 4 °C keep up to one week, insulated, protected from light; use sterile methods and pipettes. Highly purified glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles. Keep tightly closed when not in use and protected from light.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human, Rat, other species not yet tested.By Dot blot, MOAB-2 detected Rat Abeta40 and Human Abeta40, albeit with less affinity than for Abeta42. {Youmans. KL et al 2012}
Immunogen:
Recombinant human amyloid beta protein 42 (Abeta42): DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA
This product is a Protein A purified mouse IgGb in 0.02 M Potassium Phosphate, 0.15 M Sodium Chloride, 0.01% sodium azide, pH 7.2.
Clone number:
MOAB-2
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2b, lambda
Application Details:
Western Blotting (WB), Immunohistochemistry (IH), Immunohistochemistry/paraffin embedded IH(P), Immunoprecipitation (IP), Immunofluorescence (IF), ELISA. Antibody has been tested in WB using purified synthetic beta-amyloid preparations and from transgenic mouse brain formic acid extracts (see figure 1). Formic acid extraction/concentration is required for western blot detection from extracts. MOAB-2 antibody is specific for beta-amyloid and does not detect APP. Suggested dilution of 1:2000-1:5,000 for WB, standard ECL detection systems. Tissue samples for the detection of beta-amyloid should be prepared as detailed in K.L. Youmans et al. {Journal of Neuroscience Methods 196 (2011) 51-59} for best results. Detection of beta-amyloid 40/42 in direct westerns can be difficult; Dot-blots of prepared samples are recommended as detailed in Youmans. KL et al 2012. IR or fluorescent detection systems not yet tested, they but are expected to work well with higher primary antibody dilutions because of the increased sensitivity of the detection methods. Suggested dilutions for IHC are 1:50-1:1,000. Fresh frozen, 4% paraformaldehyde fixed frozen, or formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues are all suitable. Optimal dilutions must be determined by the end user. Antigen retrieval is required in fixed tissues for optimal staining. Antibody was tested on 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1% glutaraldehyde fixed frozen tissue from 3xTg and 5xFAD mice. MOAB-2 antibody detects intraneuronal and extracellular beta-amyloid in IHC and does not detect APP {Youmans KL et al 2012}. The antibody also reacts with archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples with antigen Heat Induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER): Recommended Citrate, pH 6.0 buffer for HIER. Signal was weak without antigen retrieval. Immunoreactively was expressed in intraneural-amyloid deposition (plaque) in Alzheimer's brain. MoAB-2 was found to be extremely clean and with an excellent signal to noise ratio with no neuro-cellular diffusive staining. In addition MOAB-2 demonstrated no significant differences in Abeta detection using paraffin fixed, free-floating sections {Youmans KL et al 2012}. Formic acid (FA) treatment resulted in optimal detection of both intraneuronal and extracellular Abeta compared to without FA (incubated in 88% FA 8 min, Youmans KL et al 2012). Free floating tissue sections were permeabilized in TBS containing 0.25% Triton X-100 (TBSX; 3 10 min), blocked with 3% horse serum in TBSX (3 10 min) followed by 1% horse serum in TBSX (210 min) and incubated with appropriate primary antibodies diluted in TBSX containing 1% horse serum overnight. See Youmans KL et al 2012 for full IH(P) protocol and method details. For IF, suggested dilution is 1:100-1:500. The antibody was tested on 4% PFA fixed frozen tissue. Fixed tissues were washed in TBS (3 10 min), then incubated in 88% FA (8 min), and then permeabilized in TBSX (3 10 min), and blocked in TBSX containing 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; 1 hr). Sections were subsequently incubated with appropriate primary antibodies diluted in TBSX containing 2% BSA overnight on an oscillatory rotator. Detection was via fluorescently labelled absorbed secondary antibodies {Youmans KL et al 2012}. For IP, the suggested dilution is 1:200 to 1:1,000 for labeled beta-amyloid using Protein A/G conjugated beads as the capture vehicle {Youmans KL et al 2012}. In an ELISA, a dilution of 1:50-1:1000 is suggested. The antibody has been tested in ELISAs on synthetic beta-amyloid and tissue homogenates from beta-amyloid-Tg mice. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user for all applications. Dilutions provided are only meant to serve as a basic guide.
Alternative Names:
Beta-APP42; Beta-APP40; Beta-amyloid protein 42; Beta-amyloid protein 40; ABPP; APPI; Amyloid beta A4 protein;MOAB2;MOAB-2; Alzheimer's antibody;AB40;AB42;abeta
Accession Number:
P05067 A4_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material. Final buffer is 0.02 M Potassium Phosphate, 0.15 M Sodium Chloride, 0.01% sodium azide, pH 7.2.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
MOAB-2 detects preparations enriched in U-, O-, F-Abeta42, and U-Abeta40 by dot-blot, and is thus a pan-specific Abeta antibody. However, MOAB-2 is selective for the more neurotoxic Abeta42 compared to Abeta40. Indeed, MOAB-2 demonstrated a titration against antigen concentration, and detects Abeta40 at 2.5 pmol but U-, O- and FAbetab42 at antigen concentrations as low as ~ 0.1 pmol {Youmans. KL et al 2012}. MOAB-2 does not detect APP (Amyloid precursor protein). | Human, Rat, other species not yet tested.By Dot blot, MOAB-2 detected rat Abeta40 and human Abeta40, albeit with less affinity than for Abeta42. {Youmans. KL et al 2012}
References:
1. Zhu, B. et al. (2017) ER-associated degradation regulates Alzheimer's amyloid pathology and memory function by modulating γ-secretase activity. Nat Commun. 8(1):1472. Application: IHC 2. Huang, TY. et al. (2017) SORLA attenuates EphA4 signaling and amyloid beta-induced neurodegeneration. J Exp Med. pii: jem.20171413. [Epub ahead of print]. Application: IHC 3. Felecia, M. et al. (2017) Peripheral Inflammation, Apolipoprotein E4, and Amyloid-beta Interact to Induce Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. ASN Neuro. 9(4):1759091417719201. Application: IHC/IFThomas, R. et al. (2016) Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4 and amyloid-beta-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 4(1):111 Application: IHC 4. Koster, KP. et al. (2016) Epidermal growth factor prevents oligomeric amyloid-beta induced angiogenesis deficits in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. [Epub ahead of print] Application: IF 5. Löffler, T. et al. (2016) Decreased Plasma Abeta in Hyperlipidemic APPSL Transgenic Mice Is Associated with BBB Dysfunction. Front. Neurosci. Application: IF 6. Kobro-Flatmoen, A. et al. (2016) Reelin-immunoreactive neurons in entorhinal cortex layer II selectively express intracellular amyloid in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Disease. 93:172-183. Application: IHCTai, LM. et al. (2016) The role of APOE in cerebrovascular dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 131(5):709-23. Application: IF 7. Kim, YH. et al. (2015) A 3D human neural cell culture system for modeling Alzheimer's disease. Nat Prot. 10(7):985-1006. Application: WB 8. Condello, C. et al. (2015) Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Abeta42 hotspots around plaques. Nat Commun. 6:6176. Application: IF 9. Iulita MF et al (2014) Intracellular Abeta pathology and early cognitive impairments in a transgenic rat model overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein: a multidimensional study. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 6:61. Application: IF, IH 10. Smith BR et al (2014) Neuronal inclusions of alpha-synuclein contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. J Pathol. Apr;235(5):509-21. Application: IF
Visinin (sometimes known as hippocalcin-like protein 3, HLP3, HPCAL3, HUVISL1, VLP-1, VILIP and VILIP-1) was originally isolated biochemically from chicken retina as a major protein of about 24kDa on SDS-PAGE (1). Following cloning and sequencing of visinin, several visinin like proteins were discovered by homology screening (2, 3). One of these, Visinin-like protein 1 is a small Calcium binding protein which is very abundant in the nervous system and is found only in neurons, though different neurons have different levels of expression (4, 5). It is particularly concentrated in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and tends to be most abundant in perikarya and dendrites. The protein belongs to the large superfamly of calmodulin and paravalbumin type proteins which function by binding Calcium ions. Calcium binding alters the confomation of these proteins and allow them to interact with other binding partners, the properties of which they may alter. Visinin-like protein 1 has four "EF hand" domains, which are negatively charged helix-turn-helix peptides which are responsible for Calcium binding. Visinin-like protein 1 is 191 amino acids in size and has a molecular weight on SDS-PAGE of 22kDa. The protein has recently been suggested to be a useful biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury (6, 7, 8).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS. Contains 5% trehalose.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Bovine, Human
Immunogen:
Recombinant Visinin-like protein 1 expressed and purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB), Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A dilution of 1:500 - 1:1,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1:1,000 is recommended for IHC and ICC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Hippocalcin-like protein 3, HLP3, HPCAL3, HUVISL1, VLP-1, VILIP and VILIP-1
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The antibody reacts with a 22 kDa band by Western blot on bovine cerebellum lysate. It has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry. |
FUNCTION: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; cytosol. Cell membrane. Mostly found in the axons of neurons, in the cytosol and in association with plasma membrane components. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 8 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist. Isoforms differ from each other by the presence or absence of up to 5 of the 15 exons. One of these optional exons contains the additional tau/MAP repeat. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in neurons. Isoform PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Four-repeat (type II) tau is expressed in an adult-specific manner and is not found in fetal brain, whereas three-repeat (type I) tau is found in both adult and fetal brain. DOMAIN: The tau/MAP repeat binds to tubulin. In Alzheimer disease, the neuronal cytoskeleton in the brain is progressively disrupted and replaced by tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of Microtubule-associated protein Tau. Defects in Microtubule-associated protein Tau are a cause of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, as well as a number of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized purified culture supernatant with 5% trehalose and 0.5% sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
Maintain lyophilized material at 2-8 °C. After reconstitution of lyophilized antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length version of the shortest human tau isoform purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC). A dilution of 1:5,000 - 1:10,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1,000 is recommended for ICC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Neurofibrillary tangle protein; Paired helical filament-tau; PHF-tau; MAPT; MTBT1; TAU
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The antibody reacts with multiple closely spaced bands covering the region of the blot from 48kDa to 67kDa. It has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry. |
The amyloid beta peptide is derived from the cleavage of the Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and varies in length from 39 to 43 amino acids. However, the form(s) of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) associated with the pathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In particular, the neurotoxicity of intraneuronal Abeta accumulation is an area of considerable research and controversy principally because antibodies thought to be specific for Abeta have been shown to actually detect intraneuronal APP and not Abeta exclusively.MOAB-2 (mouse IgG2b) is a pan-specific, high-titer antibody to Abeta residues 1-4 as demonstrated by biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses (IHC), and is highly specific just to amyloid beta peptide. MOAB-2 did not detect APP or APP-CTFs in cell culture media/lysates (HEK-APPSwe or HEK APPSwe/BACE1) or in brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing 5 familial AD (FAD) mutation (5xFAD mice). Using IHC on 5xFAD brain tissue, MOAB-2 immunoreactivity co-localized with C-terminal antibodies specific for Abeta40 and Abeta42. MOAB-2 did not co-localize with either N- or C-terminal antibodies to APP. In addition, no MOAB-2-immunreactivity was observed in the brains of 5xFAD/BACE-/- mice, although significant amounts of APP were detected by N- and C-terminal antibodies to APP, as well as by 6E10. In both 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissue, MOAB-2 co-localized with cathepsin-D, a marker for acidic organelles, further evidence for intraneuronal Abeta, distinct from Abeta associated with the cell membrane. MOAB-2 demonstrated strong intraneuronal and extra-cellular immunoreactivity in 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissues.Biosensis now offers biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody allowing more flexibility in experimental design by using the biotin-avidin/streptavidin detection method. Biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody may also help to reduce background staining in difficult-to-stain tissues and increase detection sensitivity. The ability of biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody to detect amyloid beta has been validated by IHC. Purified, non-biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody is also available.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS buffer, pH 7.4; contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C to -70 °C for a higher stability. At 2-8 °C keep up to one week; use sterile methods and pipettes. Highly purified glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles. Keep tightly closed when not in use and protected from light.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human, Rat, other species not yet tested. By Dot Blot, MOAB-2 detected Rat Abeta40 and Human Abeta40, albeit with less affinity than for Abeta42 (Youmans KL et al., 2012).
Immunogen:
Recombinant human amyloid beta protein 42 (Abeta42): DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA
Antibody was purified from cell culture supernatant by Protein G chromatography, biotinylated and buffer-exchanged into PBS, pH 7.4 buffer
Clone number:
MOAB-2
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2b, lambda
Application Details:
The biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody has been tested by IHC (1:500 - 1:2,000 dilution) and is also expected to work in applications validated for the unlabelled antibody (M-1586-100) at same or higher dilutions: Western Blotting (WB), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Immunohistochemistry/paraffin embedded IHC(P), Immunoprecipitation (IP), Immunofluorescence (IF), ELISA. Western Blotting: MOAB-2 has been tested in WB using purified synthetic beta-amyloid preparations and from transgenic mouse brain formic acid extracts (see Figure 1). Formic acid extraction/concentration is required for western blot detection from extracts. Suggested dilution of 1:2000-1:5,000 for WB, standard ECL detection systems. Tissue samples for the detection of beta-amyloid should be prepared as detailed in Youmans KL et al., 2011 (Journal of Neuroscience Methods 196: 51-59) for best results. Detection of beta-amyloid 40/42 in direct westerns can be difficult; Dot-blots of prepared samples are recommended as detailed in Youmans KL et al., 2012. Immunohistochemistry: Suggested dilution for biotinylated MOAB-2 in IHC is 1:500-1:2,000. Fresh frozen, 4% paraformaldehyde fixed frozen, or formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues are all suitable. Antigen retrieval is required in fixed tissues for optimal staining. Antibody was tested on 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1% glutaraldehyde fixed frozen tissue from 3xTg and 5xFAD mice. MOAB-2 antibody detects intraneuronal and extracellular beta-amyloid in IHC and does not detect APP (Youmans KL et al., 2012). The antibody also reacts with archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples with antigen Heat Induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER). Recommended buffer for HIER is citrate, pH 6.0. Signal was weak without antigen retrieval. Immunoreactivity was observed in intraneural-amyloid deposition (plaque) in Alzheimer's brain. MOAB-2 was found to be extremely clean and with an excellent signal to noise ratio with no neuro-cellular diffusive staining. In addition, MOAB-2 demonstrated no significant differences in Abeta detection using paraffin fixed, free-floating sections (Youmans KL et al., 2012). Formic acid (FA) treatment resulted in optimal detection of both intraneuronal and extracellular Abeta compared to without FA (incubated in 88% FA 8 min, Youmans KL et al., 2012). Free floating tissue sections were permeabilized in TBS containing 0.25% Triton X-100 (TBSX; 3 10 min), blocked with 3% horse serum in TBSX (3 10 min) followed by 1% horse serum in TBSX (210 min) and incubated with appropriate primary antibodies diluted in TBSX containing 1% horse serum overnight. See Youmans KL et al., 2012, for full IHC(P) protocol and method details. Immunofluorescence: For IF, suggested dilution is 1:100-1:500. The antibody was tested on 4% PFA fixed frozen tissue. Fixed tissues were washed in TBS (3 10 min), then incubated in 88% FA (8 min), and then permeabilized in TBSX (3 10 min), and blocked in TBSX containing 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; 1 hr). Sections were subsequently incubated with appropriate primary antibodies diluted in TBSX containing 2% BSA overnight on an oscillatory rotator. Detection was via fluorescently labelled absorbed secondary antibodies (Youmans KL et al., 2012). Immunoprecipitation: For IP, the suggested dilution is 1:200 to 1:1,000 for labelled beta-amyloid using SA-coated beads as the capture vehicle, similar to the protocols employed by Youmans KL et al., 2012. ELISA: In an ELISA, a dilution of 1:50-1:1,000 is suggested. The antibody has been tested in ELISAs on synthetic beta-amyloid and tissue homogenates from beta-amyloid-Tg mice. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user for all applications. Dilutions provided are only meant to serve as a basic guide.
Spin vial briefly before opening. Reconstitute in 50 uL of sterile water to give a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material. Final buffer is PBS, pH 7.4 without preservative.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase.
Specificity:
MOAB-2 detects preparations enriched in U-, O-, F-Abeta42, and U-Abeta40 by dot-blot, and is thus a pan-specific Abeta antibody. However, MOAB-2 is selective for the more neurotoxic Abeta42 compared to Abeta40. Indeed, MOAB-2 demonstrated a titration against antigen concentration, and detects Abeta40 at 2.5 pmol, but U-, O- and F-Abetab42 at antigen concentrations as low as ~ 0.1 pmol (Youmans. KL et al., 2012; PMID: 22423893). MOAB-2 does not detect APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein). | Human, rat, other species not yet tested. By Dot Blot, MOAB-2 detected rat Abeta40 and human Abeta40, albeit with less affinity than for Abeta42 (Youmans KL et al., 2012).
References:
1. Ruan, CS. et al. (2017) Sortilin inhibits amyloid pathology by regulating non-specific degradation of APP. Exp Neurol. [Epub ahead of print] Application: IHC 2. References for non-biotinylated MOAB-2 antibody (M-1586-100): 3. Zhu, B. et al. (2017) ER-associated degradation regulates Alzheimer's amyloid pathology and memory function by modulating γ-secretase activity. Nat Commun. 8(1):1472. Application: IHC 4. Huang, TY. et al. (2017) SORLA attenuates EphA4 signaling and amyloid beta-induced neurodegeneration. J Exp Med. pii: jem.20171413. [Epub ahead of print]. Application: IHC 5. Felecia, M. et al. (2017) Peripheral Inflammation, Apolipoprotein E4, and Amyloid-beta Interact to Induce Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. ASN Neuro. 9(4):1759091417719201. Application: IHC/IF 6. Thomas, R. et al. (2016) Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4 and amyloid-beta-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 4(1):111 Application: IHC 7. Koster, KP. et al. (2016) Epidermal growth factor prevents oligomeric amyloid-beta induced angiogenesis deficits in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. [Epub ahead of print] Application: IF 8. Löffler, T. et al. (2016) Decreased Plasma Abeta in Hyperlipidemic APPSL Transgenic Mice Is Associated with BBB Dysfunction. Front. Neurosci. Application: IF 9. Kobro-Flatmoen, A. et al. (2016) Reelin-immunoreactive neurons in entorhinal cortex layer II selectively express intracellular amyloid in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Disease. 93:172-183. Application: IHC 10.Tai, LM. et al. (2016) The role of APOE in cerebrovascular dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 131(5):709-23. Application: IF 11. Kim, YH. et al. (2015) A 3D human neural cell culture system for modeling Alzheimer's disease. Nat Prot. 10(7):985-1006. Application: WB 12. Condello, C. et al. (2015) Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Abeta42 hotspots around plaques. Nat Commun. 6:6176. Application: IF 13. Iulita MF et al (2014) Intracellular Abeta pathology and early cognitive impairments in a transgenic rat model overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein: a multidimensional study. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 6:61. Application: IF, IH 14. Smith BR et al (2014) Neuronal inclusions of alpha-synuclein contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. J Pathol. Apr;235(5):509-21. Application: IF
Siah-1 is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. It is a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including many proteins involved in transcription regulation, a cell surface receptor (DCC), cytoplasmic signal transduction molecules, an antiapoptotic protein (BAG1), a microtubule motor protein (KIF22), a protein involved in synaptic vesicle function in neurons (SYP) and a structural protein. Consequently Siah-1 is involved in many cellular processes such as apoptosis, tumor suppression, cell cycle, axon guidance, transcription regulation, spermatogenesis, and TNF-alpha signaling. It is predominantly a cytoplasmic protein but is also partially a nuclear protein. It is widely expressed at low levels and is down-regulated in advanced hepatocellular carcinomas.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid with 50% glycerol
Storage Temp:
Keep aliquots at -20 °C for higher stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Human. Other species have not been tested.
Immunogen:
Partial recombinant human Siah-1 (amino acids 1-110) with a GST tag.
FUNCTION: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. SUBUNIT: Interacts with PSMC2 through Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Interacts with SQSTM1 when polyubiquitinated. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; cytosol. Cell membrane. Note=Mostly found in the axons of neurons, in the cytosol and in association with plasma membrane components. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 8 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist. Isoforms differ from each other by the presence or absence of up to 5 of the 15 exons. One of these optional exons contains the additional tau/MAP repeat. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in neurons. Isoform PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Four-repeat (type II) tau is expressed in an adult-specific manner and is not found in fetal brain, whereas three-repeat (type I) tau is found in both adult and fetal brain. DOMAIN: The tau/MAP repeat binds to tubulin. Type I isoforms contain 3 repeats while type II isoforms contain 4 repeats.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from 1.2% sodium acetate, 2mg BSA, 0.01mg NaN3
Storage Temp:
Aliquot and store at -20 °C for higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western Blotting (WB). A concentration of 0.5-1.0 ug/ml is recommended for WB. A concentration of 1.0-2.0 ug/ml is recommended to detect Tau in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Neurofibrillary tangle protein; Paired helical filament-tau; PHF-tau; MAPT; MTBT1; TAU
Accession Number:
P29172 TAU_BOVIN P10636 TAU_HUMAN
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB and IHC against the antigen. | Human; mouse; rat
Beta-synuclein is a non-amyloid component of senile plaques found in Alzheimer disease. It could act as a regulator of SNCA aggregation. It protects nerurons from staurosporine and 6 hydroxy dopamine -stimulated capspase activation in a p53-dependent manner. It localises to the cytoplasm and it is predominantly expressed in the brain where it is most concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals. This protein is phosphorylated. This protein is also associated with the disease Brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA1).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Human and Rat beta synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (IEPLMEPEGSYEDPPQE) of human beta synuclein protein (aa: 108-125) conjugated to diptheria toxid has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB , immunoblot. A dilution of 1:500 to 1:2000 is recommended for these applications. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
SNCB
Accession Number:
Q16143 SYUB_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Less than 0.1% cross reactivity to human alpha synuclein | This antiserum is known to react with human and rat beta synuclein.
References:
1. Israeli E. and Sharon R. (2009) Beta-synuclein occurs in vivo in lipid-associated oligomers and forms hetero-oligomers with alpha-synuclein J Neurochem. 2009 Jan;108(2):465-74
FUNCTION: Plays a role in neurofilament network integrity. May be involved in modulating axonal architecture during development and in the adult. In vitro, increases the susceptibility of neurofilament-H to calcium-dependent proteases. May also function in modulating the keratin network in skin. Activates the MAPK and Elk-1 signal transduction pathway. SUBUNIT: May be a centrosome-associated protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; perinuclear region. Centrosome. Spindle. Associated with centrosomes in several interphase cells. In mitotic cells, localized to the poles of the spindle. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highly expressed in brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. Also expressed in the corpus callosum, heart, skeletal muscle, ovary, testis, colon and spleen. Weak expression in pancreas, kidney and lung. PTM: Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by GRK5 appears to occur on residues distinct from the residue phosphorylated by other kinases. DISEASE: Brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA1, also called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome), a rare neuroaxonal dystrophy, is histologically characterized by axonal spheroids, iron deposition, Lewy body (LB)-like intraneuronal inclusions, glial inclusions and neurofibrillary tangles. SNCG is found in spheroids but not in inclusions. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the synuclein family.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Human and Rat gamma synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (EKEEVAEEAQSGGD) as part of human gamma synuclein protein (aa: 114-127) conjugated to diptheria toxid has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1:500 to 1:1000 is recommended for both applications. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Immunohistochemical/western blot analysis indicate a high level of specificity for this antiserum for gamma synuclein. | This antiserum is known to react with human and rat gamma synuclein.
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum recognises Human and Rat alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (AKEGVVAAAEKTKQGV) as a consensus part of human alpha-, beta-, and gamma synuclein proteins conjugated to diphteria toxoid has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB and immunoblot. A dilution of 1:1000 is recommended for these applications. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Accession Number:
SYUA_HUMAN SYUB_HUMAN SYUG_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Overlap specific immunohistochemical staining of alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins | This antiserum recognises human and rat alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins.
References:
1. Ulusoy A. et al (2010) Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Aug;32(3):409-22 2. Näsström T. et al (2010) The lipid peroxidation products 4-oxo-2-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal promote the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers with distinct biochemical, morphological, and functional properties. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Dec 1. 3. Eslamboli A. et al (2007) Long-term consequences of human alpha-synuclein overexpression in the primate ventral midbrain. Brain. 2007 Mar;130(Pt 3):799-815. 4. Mukaetova-Ladinska E.B. et al (2008) Alpha- and gamma-synuclein proteins are present in cerebrospinal fluid and are increased in aged subjects with neurodegenerative and vascular changes. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26(1):32-42.
FUNCTION: Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1/Tip60 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity. Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. May be involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. FUNCTION: Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Rat and mouse beta-amyloid peptides bind only weakly transient metals and have little reducing activity due to substitutions of transient metal chelating residues. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation (By similarity). FUNCTION: The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis. SUBUNIT: Binds, via its C-terminus, to the PID domain of several cytoplasmic proteins, including APBB family members, the APBA family, MAPK8IP1, SHC1, Numb and Dab1. Binding to Dab1 inhibits its serine phosphorylation. Also interacts with GPCR-like protein BPP, FPRL1, APPBP1, IB1, KNS2 (via its TPR domains), APPBP2 (via BaSS) and DDB1. In vitro, it binds MAPT via the MT-binding domains. Associates with microtubules in the presence of ATP and in a kinesin-dependent manner. Interacts, through a C-terminal domain, with GNAO1. Amyloid beta-42 binds CHRNA7 in hippocampal neurons. Beta-amyloid associates with HADH2. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: different isoforms in different tissues: kidney. brain. liver. hippocampus, substania nigra pars compacta and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, all the isoforms are abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Rat APP. Reactivity with other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
Synthetic peptides (C-ETHLHW HTVAKET, aa: 145-157; C-HAH FQKAKERLEA KHRER, aa: 388-405; C-KKKQYTS IHHGVVE, aa: 724-737) as parts of human APP isoform A conjugated to KLH
IHC. Recommended to be used at a dilution of 1:500 to 1:3000 for immunohistochemistry. This antiserum has not yet been tested for western blot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
FUNCTION: Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1/Tip60 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity. Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. May be involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. FUNCTION: Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Rat and mouse beta-amyloid peptides bind only weakly transient metals and have little reducing activity due to substitutions of transient metal chelating residues. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation (By similarity). FUNCTION: The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis. SUBUNIT: Binds, via its C-terminus, to the PID domain of several cytoplasmic proteins, including APBB family members, the APBA family, MAPK8IP1, SHC1, Numb and Dab1. Binding to Dab1 inhibits its serine phosphorylation. Also interacts with GPCR-like protein BPP, FPRL1, APPBP1, IB1, KNS2 (via its TPR domains), APPBP2 (via BaSS) and DDB1. In vitro, it binds MAPT via the MT-binding domains. Associates with microtubules in the presence of ATP and in a kinesin-dependent manner. Interacts, through a C-terminal domain, with GNAO1. Amyloid beta-42 binds CHRNA7 in hippocampal neurons. Beta-amyloid associates with HADH2. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: different isoforms in different tissues: kidney. brain. liver. hippocampus, substania nigra pars compacta and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, all the isoforms are abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Rat APP. Reactivity with other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (HMNVQNGKWESDPSGTKTC, aa: 44-62) as part of mouse APP isoform A conjugated to the immunogenic protein Blue Carrier Protein
IHC. Recommended to be used at a dilution of 1:500 to 1:3000 for immunohistochemistry. This antiserum has not yet been tested for western blot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Amyloid beta A4 protein; ABPP; Alzheimer disease amyloid protein homolog; Amyloidogenic glycoprotein; AG
Accession Number:
APP_MOUSE
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Specificity:
Specificity for APP was confirmed by IHC. | This antiserum is known to react with rat APP. Reactivity with other species have not yet been tested.
Alpha synuclein is an abundant 140 amino acid neuronal protein, expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. FUNCTION: May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Soluble protein, normally localized primarily at the presynaptic region of axons, which can form filamentous aggregates that are the major non amyloid component of intracellular inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase 3 activation. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed principally in brain but is also expressed in low concentrations in all tissues examined except in liver. Concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals.SUBUNIT: Soluble monomer which can form filamentous aggregates. Interacts with UCHL1. Interacts with phospholipase D and histones. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Membrane. Nucleus. Note=Membrane-bound in dopaminergic neurons. Also found in the nucleus. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 3 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with Human, Mouse and Rat alpha synuclein. Other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (SEEGYQDYEPEA) corresponding to the C-terminal of human alpha synuclein protein (aa 129-140) conjugated to Blue Carrier Protein has been used as the immunogen. The peptide is homologous with the corresponding sequence derived from alpha synuclein protein in monkey and pig.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1:500 to 1:3000 is recommended for both applications. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Non-A beta component of AD amyloid; Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor; NACP; SNCA; PARK1;
Accession Number:
P37840 SYUA_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis of human brain indicates a high level of specificity for this antiserum. | This antibody is known to react with human, mouse and rat alpha synuclein. Other species have not yet been tested.
References:
1. Tinsley R.B. et al (2010) Sensitive and specific detection of alpha-synuclein in human plasma J Neurosci Res. 2010 Sep;88(12):2693-700.
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is a subunit in the SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein E3 ubiquitin protein ligase complex. This complex mediates the ubiquitination and the subsequent degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription.
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations).After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability.Avoid freeze-thaw cycles
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human; Mouse; Rat;
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (HRKHLQEIPDLSSNVATSF) corresponding to a region (2-20) from the N-terminus of human S-phase kinase-associated protein 2. To enhance the immunological response, this peptide was coupled to carrier protein BSA.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western Blotting (WB). A concentration of 1.0 ug/ml is recommended for WB. Human SKP2 (Isoform SKP2_alpha) has a predicted length of 424 residues and MW of 48 kDa. A concentration of 1.0-2.0 ug/ml is recommended to detect the protein in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
F-box protein Skp2; Cyclin A/CDK2-associated protein p45; p45skp2; F-box/LRR-repeat protein 1; SKP2; FBXL1;
Accession Number:
Q13309 SKP2_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile distilled water to achieve an antibody concentration of 1 mg/ml. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB and IHC against the antigen. | Human; mouse; rat;
FUNCTION: Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. These substrates include SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, STUB1, a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP and SEPT5. May play a more general role in the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway by participating in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein. Loss of this ubiquitin ligase activity appears to be the mechanism underlying pathogenesis of PARK2. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. Regulates cyclin E during neuronal apoptosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Co-localizes with STY11 in neutrites. Co-localizes with SNCAIP in brainstem Lewy bodies. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highly expressed in the brain including the substantia nigra. Expressed in heart, testis and skeletal muscle. Expression is down-regulated or absent in tumor biopsies, and absent in the brain of PARK2 patients. Overexpression protects dopamine neurons from kainate-mediated apoptosis.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with Parkin of guinea Pig and Rat.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (RILGEEQYNRYQQYGAEEC) as part of human Parkin conjugated to diphtheria toxoid has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB, immunoblot, 1-site ELISA. A dilution of 1:500 to 1:2000 is recommended for these applications. This antiserum stains trigeminal motor neurons in rat brain stem. A 50 kDa band was identified in rat brain extract using western blot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Ubiquitin E3 ligase PRKN; Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2; Parkinson disease protein 2; PARK2; PRKN
Accession Number:
PRKN2_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum iis known to specifically recognise Parkin shown by IHC and WB. | This antibody is known to react with Parkin of guinea pig and rat.
References:
1. E. Rubio de la Torre et al (2009) Combined kinase inhibition modulates parkin inactivation. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Mar 1;18(5):809-23. 2. D'Agata V. et al (2009) Parkin expression profile in dopamine d3 receptor knock-out mice brains. Neurochem Res. 2009 Feb;34(2):327-32. 3. Tamo W. et al (2007) Parkin is expressed in vascular endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jun 4;419(3):199-201. 4. Trimmer P.A. et al (2004) Parkinson's disease transgenic mitochondrial cybrids generate Lewy inclusion bodies. J Neurochem. 2004 Feb;88(4):800-12. 5. Denison S.R. et al (2004) Alterations in the common fragile site gene Parkin in ovarian and other cancers. Oncogene. 2003 Nov 13;22(51):8370-8. 6. Pawlyk A.C. et al (2003) Novel monoclonal antibodies demonstrate biochemical variation of brain parkin with age. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 28;278(48):48120-8. 7. Horowitz J.M. et al (2001) Spatial distribution, cellular integration and stage development of Parkin protein in Xenopus brain Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Jan 31;126(1):31-41.
FUNCTION: Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. These substrates include SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, STUB1, a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP and SEPT5. May play a more general role in the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway by participating in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein. Loss of this ubiquitin ligase activity appears to be the mechanism underlying pathogenesis of PARK2. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. Regulates cyclin E during neuronal apoptosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Co-localizes with STY11 in neutrites. Co-localizes with SNCAIP in brainstem Lewy bodies. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highly expressed in the brain including the substantia nigra. Expressed in heart, testis and skeletal muscle. Expression is down-regulated or absent in tumor biopsies, and absent in the brain of PARK2 patients. Overexpression protects dopamine neurons from kainate-mediated apoptosis.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with Rat and Human Parkin.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (NSLIKELHHFRILGEEQ) as part of human Parkin conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1:1000 is recommended for immunohistochemistry and 1:2000 for western blot. Nice staining is achieved in neuronal and cytoplasmic granules sections treated with citrate buffer for antigen retrieval. Few inclusions are stained but these were not positively identified as Lewy bodies. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Ubiquitin E3 ligase PRKN; Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2; Parkinson disease protein 2; PARK2; PRKN
Accession Number:
PRKN2_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum is known to be highly specific for Parkin shown by IHC and WB. | This antibody is known to react with rat and human Parkin.
References:
1. Song Y. J. C. et al (2009). Degeneration in different parkinsonian syndromes relates to astrocyte type and astrocyte protein expression. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. Oct 2009;68(10):1073-1083 2. Huang Y. et al (2008). LRRK2 and parkin immunoreactivity in multiple system atrophy inclusions. Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Dec;116(6):639-46.
Cullin-4B is a core component of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of specific proteins in the cell.
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations). After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Zebrafish; Human; Rat;
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (DRDYMERDKENPNQYNYIA) corresponding to a region (877-895) from the C-terminus of human Cullin-4B. To enhance the immunological response, this peptide was coupled to carrier protein BSA.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A concentration of 1.0 ug/ml is recommended for WB. Human Cullin-4B (isoform 1) has a predicted length of 895 residues and MW of 102 kDa. A concentration of 2.0 ug/ml is recommended for IHC in Zebra fish. Heat mediated antigen retrieval is recommended. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
CUL-4B; CUL4B; KIAA0695;
Accession Number:
Q13620 CUL4B_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile distilled water to achieve an antibody concentration of 1 mg/ml. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB and IHC against the antigen. | Zebrafish; Human; Rat;
FUNCTION: Ubiquitin-like protein which binds to a wide range of target proteins. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. Plays a role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Involved in targeting RANGAP1 to the nuclear pore complex protein RANBP2. SUBUNIT: Covalently attached to a number of proteins such as PML, RANGAP1, HIPK2, SP100, p53, p73alpha, MDM2, JUN and DNMT3B. Also interacts with HIF1A, HIPK2, HIPK3, CHD3, PIAS1, EXOSC9, TDG, RAD51 and RAD52. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus; nuclear membrane. Nucleus; nucleoplasm; nuclear speckle. Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SMT3 subfamily. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to cross react with Rat and Human SUMO-1.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (AKPSTEDLGDKKEGEY) as part of human SUMO-1 peptide (aa: 6-21) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid has been used as the immunogen. This antigen is homologous with SUMO-1 of rat.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1:1000 to 1:2000 is recommended for immunohistochemistry and 1:2000 to 1:4000 for western blot. Cell lysate from Hela and NIH-3T3 cell lysates may be used as a positive control, and for IHC, lung carcinoma may be used. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1; Ubiquitin-like protein SMT3C; SMT3 homolog 3; Ubiquitin-homology domain protein PIC1; Ubiquitin-like protein UBL1; GAP-modifying protein 1; GMP1; Sentrin; SUMO1; SMT3C; SMT3H3; UBL1
Accession Number:
SUMO1_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum recognises human SUMO-1 and not ubiquitin. | This antiserum is known to cross react with rat and human SUMO-1.
Synuclein alpha interacting protein (Synphilin-1) contains several protein-protein interaction domains and interacts with alpha synuclein in neurons. Mutations of SNCAIP have been linked to Parkinson disease. The amino acid sequence of synphilin-1 shares a high level of identity with its human counterpart, particularly in regions containing ankyrin-like motifs and the coiled-coil domain. Expression pattern of synphilin-1 in tissues is similar in both mouse and human. Synphilin-1 has an important role in the formation of aggregates and cytotoxicity in Parkinson disease and also Dorfin may be involved in the pathogenic process by ubiquitylation of synphilin-1.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Rat and Human synphilin-1a.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (SLELNGEKDKDKGRTLQRT) as part of human synphilin-1a conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen.
IHC. A dilution of 1: 1000 to 1:2000 is recommended for this application. This antiserum will stain Lewy bodies in Dorsal raphe nucleus of Parkinson's diseased human brain. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
A high level of specificity has been shown for this antiserum by IHC on human brain. | This antiserum is known to react with rat and human synphilin-1a.
Synuclein alpha interacting protein (Synphilin-1) contains several protein-protein interaction domains and interacts with alpha synuclein in neurons. Mutations of SNCAIP have been linked to Parkinson disease. The amino acid sequence of synphilin-1 shares a high level of identity with its human counterpart, particularly in regions containing ankyrin-like motifs and the coiled-coil domain. Expression pattern of synphilin-1 in tissues is similar in both mouse and human. Synphilin-1 has an important role in the formation of aggregates and cytotoxicity in Parkinson disease and also Dorfin may be involved in the pathogenic process by ubiquitylation of synphilin-1.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Rat and Human synphilin-1a.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (CASKGKNKAA) as part of human synphilin-1a conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1: 1000 to 1:2000 is recommended for immunohistochemistry and 1:500-1:1000 for western blot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
A high level of specificity has been shown for this antiserum by IHC on human brain. | This antiserum is known to react with rat and human synphilin-1a.
This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. The enzyme also binds to free monoubiquitin and may prevent its degradation in lysosomes (ref: SWISSPROT).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution of lyophilised antibody, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human, Rat, mouse, horse, cow, pig, chicken
Immunogen:
Recombinant full length human Ubiquitin C Terminal Hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) purified from E. coli.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (IC). A dilution of 1:1,000 - 1:2,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1:1,000 is recommended for IC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB. This antibody detects ~24 kDa UCHL1 enzyme. Suitable control tissue is rat spinal cord or peripheral nerve homogenate.
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations). After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human; Rat; predicted to react with Mouse due to sequence homology
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide corresponding to a region (319-334 aa) from human Presenilin-2.
Western Blotting (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A concentration of 1.0 ug/ml is recommended for WB. Human Presenilin-2 (isoform 1) has a predicted length of 448 amino acids and MW of 50 kDa. A concentration of 1.0 ug/ml is recommended for IHC to detect the protein in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. Heat mediated antigen retrieval is required. A concentration of 1.0 ug/ml is also recommended for IHC in frozen tissue. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile distilled water to achieve an antibody concentration of 1 mg/ml. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been confirmed by WB (Human, Rat) and IHC (Rat) against the antigen. | Human; rat; predicted to react with mouse due to sequence homology
Peroxiredoxin-2 has a role in redox regulation of the cell.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized serum with 0.02% thimerosal
Storage Temp:
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations).After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability.Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human; Rat;
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (VVDGAFKEVKLS) corresponding to region (20-31 aa) from human Peroxiredoxin-2 conjugated to diptheria toxin.
IHC, WB, ELISA. This antibody works in IHC on frozen or wax embedded tissues. Antigen retrieval has been used in testing but may not be necessary. Typical working dilutions for light microscopy are 1:500 to 1:1,000 and IF of 1:50 to 1:100. For WB a dilution range of 1: 1,000 to 1: 4,000 is recommended. A dilution of 1: 1,000 to 1: 4,000 is recommended for ELISA. This antibody stains basal cells in rat airways and specific kidney tubule cells. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Peroxiredoxin-3 has a role in redox regulation of the cell.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized serum with 0.02% thimerosal
Storage Temp:
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations).After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability.Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human; Rat;
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (CEVVAVSVDSHFSHLAW) from a region (127-143 aa) on human Peroxiredoxin-3 conjugated to KLH.
IHC, WB, ELISA. This antibody works in IHC on frozen or wax embedded tissues. Antigen retrieval has been used in testing but may not be necessary. Typical working dilutions for light microscopy are 1:500 to 1:1,000 and IF of 1:50 to 1:100. For WB a dilution range of 1: 1,000 to 1: 2,000 is recommended. This antibody detects a protein at approx 23kDa on WB of human brain tissue which is the mature form of this protein. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, mitochondrial; Antioxidant protein 1; AOP-1; HBC189; Peroxiredoxin III; Prx-III; Peroxiredoxin-3; Protein MER5 homolog; PRDX3; AOP1;
Accession Number:
P30048 PRDX3_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in sterile distilled water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Specificity:
Human Peroxiredoxin-3 no cross reactivity to other family members
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) is a multi-pass membrane protein and component of the gamma-secretase complex. PSEN1 is thought to play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. It may also play a role in hematopoiesis. Defects in PSEN1 are a cause of Alzheimer disease type 3 (AD3), a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease (Ref:SWISS-Prot).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Mouse
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide corresponding to a region (1-20 aa) from the N-terminus of human Presenilin 1 conjugated to Diptheria toxoid.
IF and WB. Suggested dilution of 1:2,000 is recommended for WB. On SDS-PAGE, the predominant form detected by this antibody is the N-terminal Presenilin 1 fragment of approx 29 kDa. The uncleaved form of Presenilin 1 migrates to approx 45 kDa. Human and mouse brain samples commonly prepared with reducing agent (50mM DTT), urea (2.3M), SDS (1%) in 62.5 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8 sample buffer heated to 50C for 15 min. The suggested dilution for IF is 1:100 for acetone or paraformaldehyde fixed cells or tissue. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Presenilin 1; PS-1; Protein S182; PS1-CTF12; PSEN1; AD3; PS1; PSNL1;
Accession Number:
P49768 PSN1_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Specificity confirmed by WB and IF using transfected cells, Presenilin 1 knock-out mouse cells, mouse and human brain. |
Sequestosome 1 is an adapter protein which binds ubiquitin and may regulate the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor and interleukin-1. It may regulate signaling cascades through ubiquitination and may also be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K(+) channels. It is present as a homooligomer or heterooligomer and localises to the cytoplasm, late endosome and nucleus. In cardiac muscles it localises to the sarcomeric band. It accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles and in Lewy bodies of neurons from individuals with Alzheimer and Parkinson disease respectively. It is also enriched in Rosenthal fibers of pilocytic astrocytoma and in liver cells it accumulates in Mallory bodies associated with alcoholic hepatitis, Wilson disease, indian childhood cirrhosis and in hyaline bodies associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sequestosome 1 is ubiquitously expressed and to date, there are 2 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Defects in sequestosome 1 cause sporadic and familial Page disease of bone (PDB). This is a metabolic bone disease characterised by focal areas of increased and disorganised bone turn-over due to activated osteoclasts.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Mouse, Rat and Bovine.
Immunogen:
Peptide IGAALDTIQYSKH corresponding to the C-terminal part of human Sequestosome 1 (aa: 424-436) conjugated to the Blue Carrier Protein has been used as the immunogen.
IHC. A dilution of 1:500 to 1: 5000 is recommended. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Phosphotyrosine-independent ligand for the Lck SH2 domain of 62 kDa; ubiquitin-binding protein p62; EBI3-associated protein of 60 kDa; p60; EBIAP; SQSTM1; ORCA; OSIL
Accession Number:
SQSTM_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis on paraffin embedded human brain. | This antibody is expected to recognise p60 in mouse, rat and bovine.
Autosomal dominant mutations in presenilin 2 are the second major cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Presenilin 2 is a multi-transmembrane protein which undergoes endoprotelysis to form an N-terminal fragment of about 29 kDa and C-terminal fragment of about 22 kDa. Presenilin 2 forms the catalytic core of the gamma-secretase complex which cleaves type 1 transmembrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein to generate the C-terminus of the amyloid beta peptide.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Mouse
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (KLDPSSQGALQLPYDPEMEEDSYDSFGEP-C) corresponding to human PS1 [306-334] in the loop region conjugated via additional C-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IP. Suggested dilution of 1:1,000 is recommended for WB. Full length presenilin 2 (448 aa) has relative MW of about 45 kDa, with this antibody most commonly detected as cleaved CTF of 22 kDa with this antibody. Human or mouse brain samples commonly prepared with reducing agent (50mM DTT), urea (2.3 M), SDS (1.5%) in 62.5 mM Tris-HCL pH 6.8 sample buffer (without boiling) heating to 50 C for 15 min. The suggested dilution for IP is 1:100 . Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
AD3LP, AD5, E5-1, STM-2
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Confirmed by Western blot using mouse and human brain and knock down of presenilin 2 in vitro using siRNA see ref 6 below. Not reactive with presenilin 1. |
Autosomal recessive mutations in DJ-1 cause early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. DJ-1 is considered a redox-sensitive cytoplasmic protein found in brain as well as other cell types.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Mouse
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (ASKRALVILAKGAEE-C) corresponding to human DJ-1 [2-16] in the N-terminal domain conjugated via additional C-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IHC. Suggested dilution of 1:5,000 is recommended for WB. DJ-1 is a soluble protein of 189 amino acids and detected with 23 kDa mobility by western blotting. The suggested dilution for IHC is 1:100. Detected astrocyte cytoplasmic labelling in human brain formaldehyde-treated tissue. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
PARK7
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Confirmed by WB using soluble mouse and human brain extracts, reactivity for major product diminished by peptide absorption. |
Beta-synuclein is a soluble cytoplasmic protein associated with synaptic vesicles and a member of the synuclein family. Mutations in alpha-synuclein cause early onset Parkinson's disease. Expression of beta synuclein may modulate alpha-synuclein aggregation found in Parkinson's disease.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized at 2 - 4 °C.After reconstitution, store at -20 °C in undiluted aliquots for up to 6 months. The antibody may be stored short term at 2-4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Mouse
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (AQEAAEEPLIEPLME-C) corresponding to human beta-synuclein [99-113] in the C-terminal domain conjugated via additional C-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IHC. A dilution of 1:500 to 1:1,000 is recommended for Western blot. beta-synuclein is a soluble protein of 134 amino acids and detected with 17 kDa mobility by western blotting. By IHC the antibody detects synaptic sites in human brain formaldehyde-treated frozen tissue. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Confirmed by WB using soluble mouse and human brain extracts, reactivity for major product diminished by peptide absorption. Does not detect alpha-synuclein as tested with recombinant protein and does not react with Lewy bodies in human Dementia with Lewy Bodies or Parkinson's disease brain tissue sections. |
Nicastrin, a type 1 membrane glycoprotein, is an essential component of the gamma secretase complex which is critical for the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein and other membrane proteins. Nicastrin is widely expressed in different tissue types. This antibody detects all processed forms of Nicastrin.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (C-NAKADVLFIAPREPGAVSY) corresponding to human Nicastrin [691-709] in the C-terminal region conjugated via additional N-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IP. Suggested concentration of 3-10 ug/mL is recommended for WB. Human or mouse brain samples commonly prepared with reducing (50mM DTT), urea (2.3 M), SDS (1.5%) in 62.5 mM Tris-HCL pH 6.8 sample buffer (without boiling) heating to 50 C for 15 min. Unprocessed full length human Nicastrin is 709 amino acids, however this protein contains an N-terminal signal peptide which is considered to undergo cleavage during processing and transit to the cell plasma membrane, in addition the protein undergoes glycosylation to produce a glycoprotein of about 145 kDa apparent MW by SDS PAGE. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Nicastrin, a type 1 membrane glycoprotein, is an essential component of the gamma secretase complex which is critical for the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein and other membrane proteins. Nicastrin is widely expressed in different tissue types. This antibody reacts with immature forms of Nicastrin. Detection of higher mol. wt. mature forms is likely to be blocked by glycosylation in this region of the protein.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (C-QGETFDYIGSSRMVYD) corresponding to human Nicastrin [331-346] in the central region conjugated via additional N-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IP. Suggested concentration of 3-10 ug/mL is recommended for WB. Human or mouse brain samples commonly prepared with reducing (50mM DTT), urea (2.3 M), SDS (1.5%) in 62.5 mM Tris-HCL pH 6.8 sample buffer (without boiling) heating to 50 C for 15 min. Unprocessed full length human Nicastrin is 709 amino acids, however this protein contains an N-terminal signal peptide which is considered to undergo removal/cleavage during processing and transit to the cell plasma membrane, in addition the protein undergoes glycosylation to produce a glycoprotein of about 145 kDa apparent MW by SDS PAGE. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Nicastrin, a type 1 membrane glycoprotein, is an essential component of the gamma secretase complex which is critical for the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein and other membrane proteins. Nicastrin is widely expressed in different tissue types. This antibody detects all processed forms of Nicastrin.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.4. Contains no preservative.
Storage Temp:
Short term storage at 2-8 °C for one week. At -20 °C as an undiluted liquid for up to 12 months.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (RGNSVERKIYIPL-C) corresponding to human Nicastrin [32-44] in the N-terminal region conjugated via additional C-terminal Cys to Diphtheria toxoid.
WB and IP. Suggested concentration of 3-10 ug/mL is recommended for WB. Human or mouse brain samples commonly prepared with reducing (50mM DTT), urea (2.3 M), SDS (1.5%) in 62.5 mM Tris-HCL pH 6.8 sample buffer (without boiling) heating to 50 C for 15 min. Unprocessed full length human Nicastrin is 709 amino acids, however this protein contains an N-terminal signal peptide which is considered to undergo cleavage during processing and transit to the cell plasma membrane, in addition the protein undergoes glycosylation to produce a glycoprotein of about 145 kDa apparent MW by SDS PAGE. Biosensis recommends that the optimal working dilution should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 500 uL of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Caspases play several key roles in cellular growth and development, extracellular matrix remodeling, wound healing, homeostasis, and are implicated in a wide range of diseases from auto immune dysfunction to cancer metastases as well. Caspases are cysteine aspartate proteases which form a family of metalloproteinases of which there are more than a dozen members. Caspases are all normally expressed in cells as inactive precursor zymogens that then get activated via proteolytic cleavage to form active enzyme complexes. Activation can occur by several means and programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is among the most studied, but there are several others since caspases are involved in so many critical and disease states. Among the 14 or so members, Caspase-6 is particularly interesting because it has been implicated in playing a role in some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Caspase-6 has been shown to cut amyloid precursor protein (APP), at position 720 leading to the toxic fragment Jcasp, which is one of the fragments found in amyloid plaques which are believed to be an indicator of the disease, and in Huntington's disease, the specific amino acid sequence (IVLD586G) is recognized by Caspase-6 on the Huntington protein (htt) in mice with Huntington's disease. The proteolytic cleavage of htt liberates toxic fragments containing the expanded polyglutamine tract that are neurotoxic and that stimulates additional proteolytic activity leading to apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Mutation of the Caspase-6 site in mice model with Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease provides protection from the neural dysfunction, suggesting a causal relationship between Caspase-6 cleavage and neurodegeneration. Biosensis is pleased to offer a rabbit polyclonal antibody to human Caspase 6 that reacts in paraffin embedded immunohistochemistry and western blotting for your continued research into Caspase 6 and its potential roles in both normal and pathological conditions.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Freeze-dried powder from liquid containing PBS, 5 mg BSA, 0.05mg Thimerosal and 0.05mg sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
Store dry, unopened vial at -20C for one year; after reconstitution aliquot in to single use sizes and store at 4C for up to one month; store aliquots frozen at -70C for up to six months, protected from light and prevent multiple freeze thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Potential reactivity to mouse Caspase 6 based upon sequence homology but as yet untested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide corresponding to an amino acid sequence at the N-terminal of human Caspase 6 comprising amino acids 24-44 of human Caspase 6
Reconstitute vial in 0.2 mL of sterile distilled water. This will produce a final concentration of 500ug/mL of antibody.
Shelf Life:
1 year from date of purchase for unopened vial only.
Specificity:
Human Caspase 6 protein, no reactivity to other human caspases | Potential reactivity to mouse Caspase 6 based upon sequence homology but as yet untested.
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular weight of 8.56 kDa which has a central role in regulated protein degradation. It is a protein modifier which can be covalently attached to target lysines either as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Several types of polymeric chains can be formed depending on the lysine used for the assembly. Attachment to proteins as a polymer leads to their degradation by the 26S proteosome; a complex, multicatalytic cytosolic and nuclear protease. Attachment to proteins as a monomer or as an alternatively linked polymer does not lead to proteasomal degradation and may be required for numerous functions, including maintenance of chromatic structure, regulation of gene expression, stress response, ribosome biogenesis and DNA repair. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats of which differ between species and strains. In some species there is a final amino-acid after the last repeat, here in bovine a Cys. Some ubiquitin genes contain a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either L40 or S27a).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized from PBS, pH 7.2, 100mM NaCl, 15mM sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for higher stability or at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Cross reacts with Human, baboon and Rat ubiquitin. Other species have not been tested.
Immunogen:
Ubiquitin isolated from cow erythrocytes and conjugated to chicken gammaglobulins with glutaraldehyde.
This antibody is recommended for IHC, WB and immunoprecipitation. This antibody can be used for labelling formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections at a dilution range of 1:150 to 1:300. This antibody is also useful for investigating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
RPS27A; UBA52; UBB; UBC
Accession Number:
P62990
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
The specificity of this antibody has been determined by indirect ELISA against ubiquitin conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin. The antibody does not react with kehole limpet haemocyanin alone. Specificity has also been demonstrated by WB against endometrial tissue homogenates. | Cross reacts with human, baboon and rat ubiquitin. Other species have not been tested.
LRRK2 is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family. Its role is yet unknown but it may play a role in the phoshorylation of proteins central to parkinson diseases. LRRK2 contains an ankryin repeat region, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain and a WD40 domain. LRRK2 is present in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Defects in LRRK2 are the cause of Parkinson disease 8 (PARK8). Parkinson disease is characterised by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural instability, as well as by a clinically significant response to treatment with levodopa. The pathology involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. PARK8 is an autosomal-dominant late-onset parkinsonism, characterized by onset from 50 to 65 years, with slow progression and relatively benign course.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum has been successfully tested in Human. Other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (CLKRKRKILSSDDSLRSS) corresponding to amino acids 946 - 962 of the human LRRK2 protein conjugated to diptheria toxin was used as the immunogen.
IHC. A dilution range of 1:500 to 1:1000 is recommended. Other applications have not yet been tested. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Reconstitute with 50 ul sterile water and centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Specificity was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The antibody stains positive tangles in inferior temporal cortex of human brain affected by Alzheimer's disease. | This antiserum has been successfully tested in human. Other species have not yet been tested.
FUNCTION: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; cytosol. Cell membrane. Mostly found in the axons of neurons, in the cytosol and in association with plasma membrane components. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 8 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist. Isoforms differ from each other by the presence or absence of up to 5 of the 15 exons. One of these optional exons contains the additional tau/MAP repeat. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in neurons. Isoform PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Four-repeat (type II) tau is expressed in an adult-specific manner and is not found in fetal brain, whereas three-repeat (type I) tau is found in both adult and fetal brain. DOMAIN: The tau/MAP repeat binds to tubulin. In Alzheimer disease, the neuronal cytoskeleton in the brain is progressively disrupted and replaced by tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of Microtubule-associated protein Tau. Defects in Microtubule-associated protein Tau are a cause of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, as well as a number of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Human and Pig Microtubule-associated Tau proteins. Other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
Recombinant human Microtubule-associated protein Tau, purified from E.coli.
WB and direct ELISA (Human). For WB a dilution of 1:500 is recommended. This antibody has been shown to detect the purified recombinant Tau expressed in E.Coli as well as a number of Tau isoforms in porcine cytosol. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Neurofibrillary tangle protein; Paired helical filament-tau; PHF-tau; MAPT; MTBT1; TAU
Accession Number:
TAU_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Specificity was demonstrated by western blot. 20ng recombinant Tau is easily detected with smaller fragments likely representing degradation products from the purified protein, which has been expressed in E. Coli. | This antiserum is known to react with human and pig Microtubule-associated Tau proteins. Other species have not yet been tested.
References:
Ballaz S, Morales I, Rodríguez M, Obeso JA. (2013) Ascorbate prevents cell death from prolonged exposure to glutamate in an in vitro model of human dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci Res. Aug 30 2013 [E print]
The beta Amyloid peptide is derived from the cleavage of the Amyloid precursor protein and varies in length from 39 to 43 amino acids. Beta amyloid peptides are the major constituents of the plaques and tangles that occur in Alzheimer's disease.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
At least 12 months after purchase at 2 - 4 °C (lyophilized formulations).After reconstitution, aliquot and store at -20 °C for a higher stability and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Human, other species not yet tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (DAEFRHDSGYEVHH) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) corresponding to amino acid sequence 1-14 of mature human beta amyloid.
Buffer contains Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS pH 7.4). No preservatives added. Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Human beta amyloid, cross reactivity to APP has not bee tested.
Alpha synuclein is an abundant 140 amino acid neuronal protein, expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Alpha synuclein has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. A point mutation in the gene coding for the alpha-synuclein protein was the first discovery linking this protein to a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Subsequently, other mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene have been identified in familial PD. The aggregated proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies found in PD and cortical Lewy body dementia (LBD) were discovered to be predominantly alpha-synuclein. Aberrant aggregation of alpha-synuclein has been detected in an increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as synucleopathies. Alpha-synuclein exists physiologically in both soluble and membrane-bound states, in unstructured and alpha-helical conformations, respectively. The physiological function of alpha-synuclein appears to require its translocation between these subcellular compartments and interconversion between the 2 conformations. Abnormal processing of alpha-synuclein is predicted to lead to pathological changes in its binding properties and function.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with Human, Rat and Mouse alpha-synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (CMPVDPDNEAYEMPSEE) as part of human alpha synuclein (aa: 116-131) conjugated to KLH has been used as the immunogen.
AUP1 contains a domain with homology to the ancient conserved region of the archain 1 gene and a domain thay may be involved in binding ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The unprocessed precusor is of 476 amino acids in length and has an estimated molecular weight of 53 kDa. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 2 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing.TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Ubiquitous. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AUP1 family. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 CUE domain.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with bovine, sheep, Human and Rat ancient ubiquitous protein 1. Other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (HVFLVSCALPDSV) corresponding to the amino acids 48-60 of human ancient ubiquitous protein 1 conjugated to Blue carrier protein has been used as the immunogen. The peptide is homologous with the corresponding sequence derived from bovine, mouse and rat.
IHC, WB. Use at a dilution of 1:500 to 1:6000. This antiserum works superbly in both paraffin embedded and frozen tissues. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
AUP1
Accession Number:
AUP1_HUMAN AUP1_BOVIN AUP1_MOUSE AUP1_RAT
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum is specific for ancient ubiquitous protein 1. | This antibody is known to react with bovine, sheep, human and rat ancient ubiquitous protein 1. Other species have not yet been tested.
Beta-synuclein is a non-amyloid component of senile plaques found in Alzheimer disease. It could act as a regulator of SNCA aggregation. It protects nerurons from staurosporine and 6 hydroxy dopamine -stimulated capspase activation in a p53-dependent manner. It localises to the cytoplasm and it is predominantly expressed in the brain where it is most concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals. This protein is phosphorylated. This protein is also associated with the disease Brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA1).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is know to react with Human, Rat and other rodent beta synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (IEPLMEPEGSYEDPPQE) as part of human beta synuclein protein (aa: 108-125) conjugated to diphteria toxid has been used as the immunogen.
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum recognises Human and Rat alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (AKEGVVAAAEKTKQGV) as a consensus part of human alpha-, beta-, and gamma synuclein proteins conjugated to diphteria toxoid has been used as the immunogen.
Affinity purified and dialysed against PBS. Contains 0.02% sodium azide.
Application Details:
IHC, WB. A concentration of 3 ug/ml is recommended for immunohistochemistry (frozen & paraffin embedded sections) and 1 ug/ml for western blot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Accession Number:
SYUA_HUMAN SYUB_HUMAN SYUG_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Overlap specific immunohistochemical staining of alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins | This antiserum recognises human and rat alpha-, beta- and gamma synucleins.
SUMO-1 binds to a wide range of target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. Unlike ubiquitin, it does not seem to target protein for degradation, but is involved in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis, apoptosis, protein stability and signal transduction. SUBUNIT: Covalently attached to a number of proteins such as PML, RANGAP1, HIPK2, SP100, p53, p73alpha, MDM2, JUN and DNMT3B. Also interacts with HIF1A, HIPK2, HIPK3, CHD3, PIAS1, EXOSC9, TDG, RAD51 and RAD52. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus; nuclear membrane. Nucleus; nucleoplasm; nuclear speckle. Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SMT3 subfamily. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain. PTM: Cleavage of the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus of the precursor form by SENP1 or SENP2 is necessary for function. Several pseudogenes have been reported as well as a number of alternatively spliced isoforms.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to cross react with Rat and Human SUMO-1.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (AKPSTEDLGDKKEGEY) as part of human SUMO-1 peptide (aa: 6-21) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid has been used as the immunogen. This antigen is homologous with SUMO-1 of rat.
IHC, WB. A dilution of 1:2000 to 1:4000 is recommended for immunohistochemistry and 1:4000 to 1:8000 for western blot. Cell lysate from Hela and NIH-3T3 cell lysates may be used as a positive control, and for IHC, lung carcinoma may be used. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1; Ubiquitin-like protein SMT3C; SMT3 homolog 3; Ubiquitin-homology domain protein PIC1; Ubiquitin-like protein UBL1; GAP-modifying protein 1; GMP1; Sentrin; SUMO1; SMT3C; SMT3H3; UBL1
Accession Number:
SUMO1_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 100 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum recognises human SUMO-1 and not ubiquitin. | This antiserum is known to cross react with rat and human SUMO-1.
Gamma synuclein belongs to the synuclein family which are believed to be involve in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. High levels of gamma synuclein have been identified in andvanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between gamma synuclein overexpression and breast tumor development. Gama synuclein plays a role in neurofilament network integrity. May be involved in modulating axonal architecture during development and in the adult. In vitro, increases the susceptibility of neurofilament-H to calcium-dependent proteases. May also function in modulating the keratin network in skin. Activates the MAPK and Elk-1 signal transduction pathway. SUBUNIT: May be a centrosome-associated protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; perinuclear region. Centrosome. Spindle. Associated with centrosomes in several interphase cells. In mitotic cells, localized to the poles of the spindle. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highly expressed in brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. Also expressed in the corpus callosum, heart, skeletal muscle, ovary, testis, colon and spleen. Weak expression in pancreas, kidney and lung. PTM: Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by GRK5 appears to occur on residues distinct from the residue phosphorylated by other kinases. DISEASE: Brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA1, also called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome), a rare neuroaxonal dystrophy, is histologically characterized by axonal spheroids, iron deposition, Lewy body (LB)-like intraneuronal inclusions, glial inclusions and neurofibrillary tangles. SNCG is found in spheroids but not in inclusions.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Human and Rat gamma synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (EKEEVAEEAQSGGD) as part of human gamma synuclein protein (114-127) conjugated to diphteria toxid has been used as the immunogen.
Affinity purified and dialysed against PBS. Contains 0.02% sodium azide.
Application Details:
IHC, WB. A concentration of 2-5 ug/ml is recommended for both applications. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Persyn; Breast cancer-specific gene 1 protein; Synoretin; SR; SNCG
Accession Number:
O76070 SYUG_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 20 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Immunohistochemical/western blot anlysis indicate a high level of specificity for this antiserum for gamma synuclein. | This antiserum is known to react with human and rat gamma synuclein.
LRRK2 is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family. It role is yet unknown but it may play a role in the phoshorylation of proteins central to parkinson diseases. LRRK2 contains an ankryin repeat region, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain and a WD40 domain. LRRK2 is present in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Defects in LRRK2 are the cause of Parkinson disease 8 (PARK8). Parkinson's disease is characterised by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural instability, as well as by a clinically significant response to treatment with levodopa. The pathology involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. PARK8 is an autosomal-dominant late-onset parkinsonism, characterized by onset from 50 to 65 years, with slow progression and relatively benign course.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum has been successfully tested in human. Other species have not yet been tested.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (LKRKRKILSSDDSLRSS; aa 946-962) as part of human LRRK2 protein conjugated to the Blue Carrier Protein has been used as the immunogen.
Alpha synuclein is an abundant 140 amino acid neuronal protein, expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Alpha synuclein has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. A point mutation in the gene coding for the alpha-synuclein protein was the first discovery linking this protein to a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Subsequently, other mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene have been identified in familial PD. The aggregated proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies found in PD and cortical Lewy body dementia (LBD) were discovered to be predominantly alpha-synuclein. Aberrant aggregation of alpha-synuclein has been detected in an increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as synucleopathies. Alpha-synuclein exists physiologically in both soluble and membrane-bound states, in unstructured and alpha-helical conformations, respectively. The physiological function of alpha-synuclein appears to require its translocation between these subcellular compartments and interconversion between the 2 conformations. Abnormal processing of alpha-synuclein is predicted to lead to pathological changes in its binding properties and function.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antibody is known to react with alpha synuclein of Human, Mouse, Rat and other rodents.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (CMPVDPDNEAYEMPSEE) of human alpha synuclein protein (aa: 116-131) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid has been used as the immunogen.
Affinity purified and dialysed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Contains 0.02% sodium azide.
Application Details:
IHC, WB, ELISA. Recommended to be used at a concentration of 1ug/ml for immunohistochemistry (Paraffin sections); 0.5 ug/ml for WB and immunoblot. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Non-A beta component of AD amyloid; Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor; NACP
Accession Number:
SYUA_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 50 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
This antiserum specifically detects alpha synuclein. | This antibody is known to react with alpha synuclein of human, mouse, rat and other rodents.
References:
1. Kuo Y.M. et al. (2010) Extensive enteric nervous system abnormalities in mice transgenic for artificial chromosomes containing Parkinson disease-associated alpha-synuclein gene mutations precede central nervous system changes. Hum Mol Genet. May 1;19(9):1633-50 2. Pelkonen A. et al. (2010) Stimulated dopamine overflow and alpha-synuclein expression in the nucleus accumbens core distinguish rats bred for differential ethanol preference. J Neurochem. 2010 Aug;114(4):1168-76. 3. Alves et al. (2008) Striatal and nigral pathology in a lentiviral rat model of Machado-Joseph disease Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Jul 15;17(14):2071-83.
Beta-synuclein is a non-amyloid component of senile plaques found in Alzheimer disease. It could act as a regulator of SNCA aggregation. It protects neurons from staurosporine and 6 hydroxy dopamine -stimulated capspase activation in a p53-dependent manner. It localises to the cytoplasm and it is predominantly expressed in the brain where it is most concentrated in presynaptic nerve terminals. This protein is phosphorylated. This protein is also associated with the disease Brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA1).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Affinity purified and dialysed against PBS. Contains 0.02% sodium azide.
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with beta synuclein of Human, Rat and other rodents.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (IEPLMEPEGSYEDPPQE) of human beta synuclein protein (aa: 108-125) conjugated to diptheria toxid has been used as the immunogen.
Alpha synuclein is an abundant 140 amino acid neuronal protein, expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Alpha synuclein has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. A point mutation in the gene coding for the alpha-synuclein protein was the first discovery linking this protein to a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Subsequently, other mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene have been identified in familial PD. The aggregated proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies found in PD and cortical Lewy body dementia (LBD) were discovered to be predominantly alpha-synuclein. Aberrant aggregation of alpha-synuclein has been detected in an increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as synucleopathies. Alpha-synuclein exists physiologically in both soluble and membrane-bound states, in unstructured and alpha-helical conformations, respectively. The physiological function of alpha-synuclein appears to require its translocation between these subcellular compartments and interconversion between the 2 conformations. Abnormal processing of alpha-synuclein is predicted to lead to pathological changes in its binding properties and function.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20 °C for a higher stability, and at 4 °C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Host Animal:
Sheep
Species Reactivity:
This antiserum is known to react with Human and Rat alpha synuclein.
Immunogen:
A synthetic peptide (PQEGILEDMPVDPC) of human alpha synuclein protein (aa: 108-120) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid has been used as the immunogen.
Affinity purified and dialysed against PBS. Contains 0.02% sodium azide.
Application Details:
IHC. Recommended to be used at a concentration of 1 ug/ml for immunohistochemistry (Paraffin sections). Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Non-A beta component of AD amyloid; Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor; NACP
Accession Number:
SYUA_HUMAN
Reconstitution:
Reconstitute in 50 ul of sterile water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Shelf Life:
12 months after purchase
Specificity:
Immunihistochemical analysis of human and rat brain indicates a high level of specificity for this antiserum. Specificity was also confirmed by western blot. | This antiserum is known to react with human and rat alpha synuclein.
Research Areas:
Biosensis Alzheimer's / Parkinson's
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